Free Essays on Symbolism In Great Gatsby

Symbolism in â€Å"The Great Gatsby† Fitzgerald’s novel â€Å"The Great Gatsby† is a story of the burdened love between a man and a woman. The main theme of the novel; however, surrounds a much larger, less romantic scope. Though all of its action takes place over a few months during the summer of 1922 and is set in a confined geographical area in Long Island, New York, â€Å"The Great Gatsby† is a highly symbolic meditation on 1920s America as a whole. Although the main theme of the novel is the American dream, many symbols are found within â€Å"The Great Gatsby† as well. Some symbols which represent abstract ideas or concepts in the novel include the green light, the valley of ashes, and Doctor T.J. Eckleburg’s eyes. Located at the end of Daisy’s East Egg dock and barely noticeable from Gatsby’s West Egg front lawn, the green light symbolizes Gatsby’s hopes and dreams for the future. Gatsby associates the light with Daisy, and in Chapter I he reaches toward it in the darkness as a guiding light to lead him to his goal and fantasy. Gatsby’s want for Daisy is associated with the American dream; the green light also represents this. In Chapter IX, Nick compares the green light to how America, rising out of the ocean, must have looked to early settlers of the new nation. This shows that many people were suspicious at what exactly the green light was across the way. The next symbol in this novel was the valley of ashes. First introduced in Chapter II, the valley of ashes between West Egg and New York City consists of a long stretch of barren and desolate land created by the dumping of the industrial ashes. It represents the moral and social decay that results from the abundant pursuit of wealth, as the rich allow themselves with regard for nothing but their own pleasure. The valley of ashes also symbolizes the dilemma of the poor, like George Wilson, who live among the dirty ashes and lose their liveliness as a result. Th... Free Essays on Symbolism In Great Gatsby Free Essays on Symbolism In Great Gatsby Symbolism in â€Å"The Great Gatsby† Fitzgerald’s novel â€Å"The Great Gatsby† is a story of the burdened love between a man and a woman. The main theme of the novel; however, surrounds a much larger, less romantic scope. Though all of its action takes place over a few months during the summer of 1922 and is set in a confined geographical area in Long Island, New York, â€Å"The Great Gatsby† is a highly symbolic meditation on 1920s America as a whole. Although the main theme of the novel is the American dream, many symbols are found within â€Å"The Great Gatsby† as well. Some symbols which represent abstract ideas or concepts in the novel include the green light, the valley of ashes, and Doctor T.J. Eckleburg’s eyes. Located at the end of Daisy’s East Egg dock and barely noticeable from Gatsby’s West Egg front lawn, the green light symbolizes Gatsby’s hopes and dreams for the future. Gatsby associates the light with Daisy, and in Chapter I he reaches toward it in the darkness as a guiding light to lead him to his goal and fantasy. Gatsby’s want for Daisy is associated with the American dream; the green light also represents this. In Chapter IX, Nick compares the green light to how America, rising out of the ocean, must have looked to early settlers of the new nation. This shows that many people were suspicious at what exactly the green light was across the way. The next symbol in this novel was the valley of ashes. First introduced in Chapter II, the valley of ashes between West Egg and New York City consists of a long stretch of barren and desolate land created by the dumping of the industrial ashes. It represents the moral and social decay that results from the abundant pursuit of wealth, as the rich allow themselves with regard for nothing but their own pleasure. The valley of ashes also symbolizes the dilemma of the poor, like George Wilson, who live among the dirty ashes and lose their liveliness as a result. Th...

Lawyers Work in All Types of Employment Settings

Lawyers Work in All Types of Employment Settings Lawyers work in all types of employment settings and may do some work for every type of employer out there, whether large or small. To simplify, note that lawyers are found in several contexts. Several lawyers have their own private practice while others work in sectors such as the government, social policy agencies, or another type of business. Learn how lawyers work in various settings and how they set the track for their legal career. Private Practice A handful of lawyers work independently in solo practices but most practicing lawyers work as part of a larger team of lawyers.  Over three-quarters of the one million-plus licensed attorneys in the nation work in private practice.  Those employed in a law firm can work as partners and associates, however, these firms also tend to hire legal professionals for other duties, such as legal secretaries, clerks, litigation support and more.  The average annual salary for a lawyer in private practice is $137,000. Government Lawyers are hired by local, state and the federal government for work on cases as well as analysis. Some lawyers might do legal research on topics related to laws or policies.  This career can lead to working for state attorneys general, public defenders, district attorneys, and the courts. They can also investigate cases on a federal level, such as for the U.S Department of Justice. The average salary for this role is $130,000 a year. Social Policy Agencies Private and nonprofit policy agencies and think tanks hire lawyers to research policy-related topics, write briefs intended to educate policymakers and litigate.  Think tank jobs often include nonprofit, public policy organizations that include advocacy initiatives. Typically, these are independent organizations but some have government relations or funding. Lawyers who are savvy and passionate about policy and research will enjoy this type of role, however, the annual average salary is about what a nonprofit can offer. Business Every large business employs lawyers. They might deal with human resources issues, such as hiring policies. Others do work related to be the business itself. For example, a lawyer who works at a pharmaceutical company might be involved in litigation or in determining the legal feasibility of particular actions. Working in a corporate law firm often comes with big responsibilities and a huge paycheck, but with smaller law firms, lawyers can expect more varied work, flexible work schedules, and more hands-on experience. Take Your Pick Lawyers work in all settings. With creativity, ingenuity, and hard work, you can have a legal career in any setting you work. Consider whether you see yourself working at a private practice, government entity, social policy agency or business, whether corporate or small. Weigh the options of what type of law you will be performing, the passion you have for the industry, the scale at which you will be working and of course, balance all of these pros and cons with the annual median salary. As a lawyer, you have options.

Music in the Afro Brazilian Religion Candomble Research Paper - 1

Music in the Afro Brazilian Religion Candomble - Research Paper Example This "Music in the Afro Brazilian Religion Candomble" essay outlines the characteristics of Brazilian religion. The features included in the religion include vigorous rituals and music that are very imperative in its development. The Capoeira is one recognized art in the Afro Brazilian setting that has the combination of music and dance. The specific ritual is martial art created in Brazil by slaves of the African continent and characterized by very fast and swift moves that are rather complex for anyone not well trained to comprehend. The power exerted in the dance is vast and thus for a person to perform the art well, strength is an important factor. One of the instruments used in the Capoeira is the berimbau. The instrument has its importance in that it brings out the rhythm of the songs in performance. Rhythm is an integral part of the ritual and without it; there can be no sense of dance in the music played in the Capoeira. The berimbau is not the only instrument played in the Capoeira but rather one of a set. The set is arranged in a row where there are three berimbeu, an agogo and two pendeiros (Rohrig 167). The full formation of the set is very important in that each of the instruments has a role that it plays in the completion of a perfect Candomble dance. All the instruments are supposed to follow the formation of the rhythm of the berimbau. The songs played in the Capoeira have different themes and purposes. There are also the songs played in various games in an effort to boost the morale of the players.

Article 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Article 5 - Essay Example ings have been good, â€Å"restructuring changes† excuse is used to hide some of the earnings and when it is bad, they tap into the reserves to cover the tracks of a bad financial quarter. The tampering is a form of accounting ruse that is done in such a clever and legal way that noticing the difference in economic performance is hard. According to the study, this fiddling is called searing due to the carefulness it’s accorded and the difficulty in detecting it. Guerrera in this article provides several tips to the investors (who are the majority victims of this accounts searing by CFOs) on how to detect that something is amiss in the company’s financial reports. He however warns them that it may not be as easy as put in the article and the major key is in the financial talk by the CFOs during the presentation. Some of the tips provided include: observing carefully the cash flow against the earnings, when the cash flow deteriorates but the earnings is high, there is a cause of alarm. The other is examination the company’s earnings records and any deviations that may have occurred from those recorded should also raise an alarm among the

There Is No Such Thing as a Job for Life Essay Example for Free

There Is No Such Thing as a Job for Life Essay This notion seems to pose as a self evident statement, but in reality it has become a common truth a couple of decades ago. Statements such as â€Å"One in three workers remain in a job for less than two years†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Trapp, 1995) make their way to the public at a constant rate increasing its validity. In the following essay we are going to assess the basic historical changes that have led to an unstable and fluctuating job market while providing the necessary explanation concerning the effects that shape our current situation. Furthermore we are going to examine how globalisation acts as a catalyst to these circumstances. In order to address this issue we have to take into consideration the historical background that has led to this notion. I am going to concentrate on one of the people that made the most important steps on the concept of production relating their work to its current form. I’m going to address the work of F. W. Taylor that was the theorist that put together what Henry Ford, the second persona, put into action through the assembly line. Taylor’s aim was to optimise the production of a product by focusing on two main aspects. The first was to break down the process of production into the smallest possible component, a process known as specialisation, and in advance to limit the time frame that each step needed to completion. This was named by Taylor as a division of labour in time and motion. In order to achieve that Taylor manifested a number of methods, such as the training workers into mastering a simple and specific task so that they didn’t have to put any mental effort into it that would have complicated the process. In order though to control this massive chain of production Taylor had to take into consideration a way to monitor it. That’s where Taylor introduced the principle of management where the working labour that its job was the systematic repetition of a task was supervised by a number of managers that were to compensate for the lack of any mental activity carried out by the rest of the workforce. Taylor’s theoretical contributions were justified my his belief that the one best ethod and best implementation can only be discovered or developed through scientific study and analysis†(Taylor,1964, 131) but his analysis failed to consider the implications that his methods have brought upon the workforce; even though they may have renovated the industrial world its side effect was the creation of a new generation of deskilled and demotivated workers. And as we observe this is not an issue of the past since all the assembly lines still work within the framework that Taylor f irst implemented, from a highly technological product to the simplest household item. This paragraph is going to focus on the problems that appear by the deskilled labour force and how this affects its employability. Deskilling as it’s defined by the Oxford Dictionary is â€Å"†¦the process by which skilled labor within an industry or economy is eliminated by the introduction of technologies operated by semiskilled or unskilled workers. † This elimination raises a number of issues, firstly is the issue of the working satisfaction of the labor force. By stripping the creativity out of the labor force’s job you are creating a level of dissatisfaction. This dissatisfaction is due to the fact that the reward that the workers get by the creativeness that they used to assert is now lost; even if in most cases it has been replaced by a higher payroll this didn’t seem to cover the damage. As Noon and Blyton (1997, 147) put it â€Å"The dehumanising effects can often be seen in the glazed expressions of the young people who serve. Thus you have a new generation of deskilled workers that lacks the confidence to interact with their working place or any working place, a worker that’s alienated who is not only less able to keep up with the increasingly demanding working environment but is less able to mobilize in any other work place. The other issue that arises from this deskilling that exists in the secondary sector is that for a deskilled worker it’s easier to become redundant. This is the case since the semiskilled workers may have gone through a sophisticated and elaborated training but their training only covered the absolutely necessary aspects of their specific task. This may be considered as a form of upskilling but in its essence is just another component making the worker more dependable to his current job in an epoch that the job market is becoming more and more contestable. The rise in the employments market contestability is largely dependable to the role of globalisation and up to a certain extend has played a main role to the instability that is currently present. Financial Times (Stern, 2012) defines globalisation as â€Å"†¦the integration of economies, industries, markets, cultures and policy-making around the world. † Therefore one cannot argue that it has contracted the employment market as well as any other market. This contraction is a result of the â€Å"widening deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness† (Baldry, 2007, 40) providing chances for people to compete in any market from anywhere in the world. That’s not an issue to the well rounded and highly trained workers, but it raises a number of concerns for the semi-skilled workers that add up to the overwhelming majority of the working population. They are faced with a crisis that not only have not caused but are also unable to confront. They have to compete against people from countries that are less paid and better trained causing the unemployment figures to rise dramatically as the IMF(Slaughter and Swagel, 1997) states here â€Å"there is no doubt that globalisation has coincided with higher unemployment among the less skilled and with widening income inequality. Other than that there are cases of mass shifts in the markets where companies assign projects to foreign countries that were previously based at home. We observe that for example in the telecommunication industry where the telephone helpdesks of British companies get assigned to Indian stated firms that offer a better deal due to the lower wages provided to the Indian workforce; making this abstract, as it is generally perceived, mobilisation of the industry more rigid and more challenging. Coming to an end I can’t avoid emphasizing on the statements vitality and the public concern that this raises. A statement that has never been more accurate than now; and as we observe notions such as Globalisation and Division of labour rooting and becoming embedded to our culture and our society this issue will not only rise but become untreatable. Therefore either some steps have to be made forward or the trust towards the socio-political system will start shaking from its foundations.

Describe how Alfred Noyes in The Highwayman creates a stereotypical Ess

Describe how Alfred Noyes in The Highwayman creates a stereotypical melodramatic atmosphere of romance, treachery, heroism and death (Literature: Response to pre 1900 poetry. Assignment: Describe how Alfred Noyes in "The Highwayman" creates a stereotypical melodramatic atmosphere of romance, treachery, heroism and death (Literature: Response to pre 1900 poetry. Objectives 1, 2, 3). Alfred Noyes was born in 1880. The Welsh coast and mountains where he grew up were an early inspiration for his work. Noyes started writing poetry in the early 1900's, his most popular yet is "The Highwayman", a touching story of love, tragedy and jealousy in which two lovers are parted by death. It is a beautiful romantic poem, where the words flow like silk and from the first line you are entranced. He is one of the few contemporary poets who have been fortunate enough to write a kind of poetry that is not only saleable but popular with many classes of people. "The Highwayman" is indeed stereotypical in its representation of a fairytale romance which comes to life in the dark of night. Noyes creates an exciting secret love affair between a traditionally unlikely couple. This forbidden relationship makes the plot more intense, drawing the reader in. Noyes uses stereotypical characters who's roles are instantly recognisable as either good or evil. Bess, a landlord's daughter and the love object of the poem is typically beautiful and desirable. She is "Red-lipped" with "long black hair" which is described as a "cascade of perfume". The highway man is also particularly stereotypical because he is handsome, charming and brave. A heroic gentleman, he is perfect in both appearance and manner. His boots are fitted with "neve... ...ir fate. Bess is "Black-eyed" and "plaits a dark red love-knot into her long black hair" whilst the highwayman always rides during the darkest hours. Another sign that both lovers will die is the phrase "There was death at every window". The "purple moor" and the "red-coat troop" are symbols of blood which is often associated with death. Although 'The Highwayman' is very stereotypical there are some factors which oppose this view. For example Bess is not portrayed as a feeble woman waiting to be saved. She takes matters into her own hands and acts very heroically to save her lover. It is also important to recognise that the use of the colours black and white are reversed. Instead of white symbolising goodness and purity it is used to describe Tim's evil face. On the other hand, Bess, the heroin and innocent character is associated with the colour black.

Business & Cultural Strategy of Walt Disney

REPORT SUBJECT: STRATEGY AND CULTURE OF THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY BY: SARAH PETER BACKGROUND For more than eight decades, the name Walt Disney has been paramount in the industry of family entertainment. From humble beginnings as a cartoon studio in the 1920s to today's global corporation, The Walt Disney Company continues to proudly provide quality entertainment for every member of the family, across America and around the world. Originally known as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, with Walt Disney and his brother Roy as equal partners, the company soon changed its name, to the Walt Disney Studio, at Roy's suggestion. Young arrived in California in the summer of 1923 with dreams and determination. He had made a short film in Kansas City about a little girl in a cartoon world, called Alice's Wonderland, and he planned to use it as his â€Å"pilot† film to sell a series of these Alice Comedies to a distributor. On October 16, 1923, a New York distributor, M. J. Winkler, contracted to release the Alice Comedies, and this date became the formal beginning of The Walt Disney Company. Section 1: External Environment a)The examples of factors that have effected the way it has behaved are as follows. Social: The Walt Disney Company fostered the spirit of creativity, innovation and excellence that continues to underlie all of the company’s success. It believes that quality entertainment is for all members of the family across America and around the world. It gives a chance for the whole family to sit together and have a good time. Technological: Silent cartoons were produced in as early as 192 7. He introduced the first film with synchronized sound – The Jazz Singer. This was a huge success and later implied on Mickey Mouse, Silly Symphonies, Steamboat Willie, etc. Mickey Mouse became an immediate sensation instantly. In partnership with Pixar Animation, the company released the first computer-animated feature film, Toy Story. This was followed by a series of highly successful Disney/Pixar collaborations, A bug's life, Toy Story 2, Monsters, Inc. , Finding Nemo and The Incredibles. Economic: These movies were released in the theaters and people enjoyed watching them with their kids at a normal rate. These movies were not charged any differently than the Hollywood Classics. Political: During the war, Walt Disney made two films about South America, Saludos Amigos and The Three Caballeros, at the request of the State Department. The studio also concentrated on producing propaganda and training films for the military. When the war ended, it was difficult for the Disney Studio to regain its pre-war footing. With the advent of World War II, the company lost access to most of its foreign markets. The studio was also at some financial risk. Legal Factors: Within a year of its existence, Walt made 26 Oswald cartoons, but when he tried to get some additional money from Winkler for a second year of the cartoons, he found out that the distributor had gone behind his back and signed up almost all of his animators, hoping to make the Oswald cartoons in his own studio for less money without Walt. Since the distributor owned the rights to Oswald, there was nothing Walt could do. It was a painful lesson for the young cartoon producer. From then on, he learned that he owned everything he made. Later Walt with his chief animator Ub Iwerks, designed a mouse whom his wife named Mickey, and a star was born. (b)The relationship between the Walt Disney Company and the environment according to SWOT analysis is as follows: The Walt Disney Company’s Strengths 1. The Walt Disney Company is the second largest media and Entertainment Corporation in the world, after Time Warner, according to Forbes. 2. Diversified Entertainment Company. 3. It owns media networks as well as parks and resorts. 4. It makes movies and markets consumer products. 5. Developed a very strong and well known â€Å"brand-name and image† over many years. 6. Disney Land is the top rated destination for vacation. The Walt Disney Company’s Weaknesses 1. The idea of Disney’s frequent change in top management. 2. Broader product portfolio gains many different niches and gives them a bigger image, but it also means that there are going to be that many more workers. This means greater possibilities for miscommunication and a high chance for a bureaucracy in the company. As of September 2007, there were 130, 000 people working for Disney in some way or another. 3. According to many, the Hong Kong Disney Land Resort has yet to live up to the expectations of Disney’s resorts and parks. The $1. 8 billion theme park has only 16 attractions, only one of which is a classic Disney thrill ride (Space Mountain), compared to 52 at Disneyland Resort Paris. A recent study of Hong Kong Polytechnic University showed that 70% of the local residents had a negative opinion of Hong Kong Disneyland Resort. The Walt Disney Company’s Opp ortunities The markets of today are becoming more versatile to outsourcing and globalization and The Walt Disney Company is revealing this by (i) expanding outside of the United States and offering theme parks in France, Japan and China. ii) Another expansion opportunity from U. S. soil was mentioned earlier regarding the Disney Cruise Line, a service well placed and growing in popularity. The Walt Disney Company’s Threats 1. In Disney’s case their theme parks must meet the safety regulations of the countries in which they operate in order to stay in business and maintain their international status. 2. In the entertainment and theme park industry there are many competitors, such as Paramount Parks, Universal Studios and Six Flags Theme Parks. However, there are many other less visible competitors that one might not naturally think of when assessing the competitive market in which Disney deals. For example, there are hundreds of water parks and various funplexes that can also be considered as cheaper or more valuable competition for Disney. Competition, in any form, can diminish Disney’s market share in the entertainment industry. (c ) Guidelines for SWOT ANALYSIS for Walt Disney 1. Keep it simple 2. Focus on your organization. 3. Look for patterns. 4. Look for action that can be taken within a year. 5. Don't get lost in the future. 6. Be rooted in the now. Section 2: Organisational Culture (a)Organizational Culture of the Walt Disney Company The Walt Disney Company has a culture based on high-quality products, optimism for the future, great storytelling, an emphasis on family entertainment and great talent, passion and dedication from the Cast Members. A good example of shared values is Walt and Roy together with their chief and loyal animator Ub Iwerks, Walt created Mortimer Mouse, which was renamed Mickey Mouse by his wife. The first cartoon with synchronized sound was released at the Colony Theater in New York, November 18, 1928. Walt Disney won its first Academy Award for Best Cartoon in 1932 and continued to be honored with an Oscar every year for a decade. Disney appeals to our childhood. They will always be favored by kids and will surely keep a preferred spot in the minds of adults. If only they live up to meet our expectations, to visualize our common fantasies. Disney could survive on the â€Å"classics† if it needed to. They get a new audience every day. But where has the imagination gone that prevents us adding some value. Today Disney is milking their theme park business–to the detriment of their brand. There is no argument that Disney is a pop culture icon in the U. S. However, the substance is not there. The rides, with a few exceptions, are dated and boring. It is not into reinvesting into their theme park business to keep it on top. (b) Create (Adhocracy) Culture The Walt Disney Company has a Create (Adhocracy) Culture. This culture has a dynamic, entrepreneurial, and creative place to work. Innovation and risk-taking are embraced by employees and leaders. A commitment to experimentation and thinking differently are what unify the organization. They strive to be on the leading edge. The long-term emphasis is on growth and acquiring new resources. Success means gaining unique and new products or services. Being an industry leader is important. Individual initiative and freedom are encouraged. The Walt Disney Company has all the characteristics of a Creative Culture. The mission of The Walt Disney Company is to be one of the world's leading producers and providers of entertainment and information. They seek to develop the most creative, innovative and profitable entertainment experiences and related products in the world. The Walt Disney Company believes that it has to stay one step ahead of the competition to be the most innovative and creative animator. (c ) Organizational Culture and Organizational behavior of The Walt Disney Company. The Organizational Culture of The Walt Disney Company is a Create (Adhocracy) Culture. This culture invites and appreciates new, creative, innovative and exciting ideas. Walt and Roy believed that he had to stay one step ahead of the competition in order to be the most innovative and creative animator of all times. They have a high standard of entertainment and have made people believe that animation and cartoons are not only for children but for adults as well. The implementation of these stimulating ideas with the advantage of latest technological devices and techniques and training their employees is the organizational behavior of the company. Disney has constructed its own University that employees must attend and complete before ever being allowed to work at a Disney Theme Park. Disney University believes â€Å"The front line is the bottom line,† and, â€Å"It’s 10 percent product and 90 percent service,†. d ) Compete (Market)† Culture Using a different culture like that of a â€Å"Compete (Market)† Culture in which job completion is main objective of the company and employees are competitive and goal-oriented, a different approach would be established by the leaders who will be demanding, hard-driving, and productive. The emphasis on winning unifies the o rganization. Reputation and success are common concerns. Long-term focus is on competitive action and achievement of measurable goals and targets. Success means market share and penetration. Competitive pricing and market leadership are important. This type of organisational culture would demand a tough and strict environment where openness and creativity is limited or not required. It would have a â€Å"do as said† attitude with acute strictness and constrictiveness. All the ideas would be commanded by the producer and the animators would follow as instructed without being allowed to interrupt or magnify their imagination. This would be unsuitable environment for Walt Disney as Disney is all about magic, imagination and dreams. Section 3: Business Strategy (a) Four Types of Strategies Price Leadership – through dominating the industry – others follow your price lead †¢Global – seeking to expand global operations. †¢Reengineering – thinking outside the box – looking at new ways of doing things to leverage the organisation’s performance. †¢Contraction/Expansion – focus on what you are good at (core competencies) or seek to expand into a range of markets. (b) The Walt Disney Strategy The Walt Disney Company has adopted the strategy of Expanding. Since its start in 1923, Walt and his brother worked out their best to present and invent the best animations ever. The Walt Disney Company is in business to (i) produce entertaining theatrical productions that are family oriented and family friendly (ii) to create products and toys that will promote their theatrical productions that are both entertaining and safe for children (iii) to entertain families who are looking for a fun, interactive and safe vacation spot both with resorts and parks, and also cruise lines (iv) keeping their name reputable and substantial in a growing business. Benefits 1. Disney Land is Europe’s Top Destination for vacation. 2. Extremely popular among children and adults. 3. It is a global leader in the industry of entertainment. Walt Disney Company was ranked 8th in the Top 100 Global Brands ranking of the BusinessWeek Magazine and Interbrand, a branding consultancy, in 2006. 4. Exposure and variety of entertainment packages to fans by opening Resorts, launching Cruise Lines and Disney Lands in Tampa, Hong Kong and Paris, result, increased capital flow and no advertisement required. ( c ) Comparison Disney Company worked on the Strategy of Expansion but now they work on something more of a combination of Reengineering and Expansion after the launch of many quality competitors in market. The Disney Land especially in Hong Kong is not enjoyed by the fans as the entertainment essentials are limited as compared to the other destinations and are very dated. The Walt Disney Company is now working to expand itself by figuring out new ways of attraction and alluring to fans by opening Cruise Lines and Resorts and Fun Houses throughout their Disney Land. (d ) Factors to Consider to change Strategy 1. Quality is imperative than quantity. 2. Dated entertainment ideas and facilities should be updated to the demands of the new generation while keeping the classic touch polished. 3. Innovative marketing, strategic investment and financial discipline should be developed to keep pace in entertainment market. 4. The Walt Disney Company had to analysis its management and employees to determine where they stood as they were losing fans and had market value. 5. Competitors like Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures have worldwide successful theme parks and funplexes. To triumph over them Disney Land had to study its new fans and keep its signature. (e ) Business Strategy and Strategic Choice The type of Business the Walt Disney Company wanted to have depended upon the Business Strategy it approached. It did quite well in the beginning and won Oscar awards and achieved the most out of the market. The Brand was the most popular and demanded and nailed its name in the industry. But as time passed and new generation emerged, a new taste came into existence and therefore things had to be renewed and improved. Earlier Disney was the only animation company but, as time passed and quality competitors surfaced, larger competition and criticizers appeared. The Walt Disney Company had opened remarkable entertainment property which encouraged fans to meet and enjoy their childhood favorite character. But the strategy they adopted was not enough for to attract the new graphics and 3D oriented generation. Therefore they had to opt for the Strategic Choice of the market and indulge in the dept of entertainment with time. They are still the leaders as they chose the right action at the right time. (f) The Key Issues The Walt Disney Company should keep in account to manage its Business Strategy are: †¢Latest approach of entertainment. †¢Should make Sci fi Movies with a more realistic approach. †¢Educational Films to be produced as well. †¢Disney Land worldwide should be upgraded. Employee Satisfaction is a must and Management should take account of each department. †¢Quality should be maintained. †¢Competitors and Internal weaknesses are studied. Section 4: Change (a)Change of Strategy The Strategy of the Walt Disney Company had to change overtime due the increasing demand of hi-tech technology, graphics and updated modes of entertainment. The competitors rooted to attract people with the latest knowledge and entertainment techniques. Despite winning Oscars and being branded as the finest animator, Disney overlooked the need of freshness and contemporariness. No doubt, Disney was experimenting and innovating but, using the same old but famous characters. People wanted a new character and novel themes. There Parks were attracting new crowd but couldn’t bring back the old ones. These factors intimidated Disney and it had to think over its strategy. (b)Social Responsibility The urge to make people happy is stated to be the Social Responsibility of the Walt Disney Company. The main objective and goal of Disney is to impart happiness, enchantment and amusement to people. They have been very successful so far but, as times changed and new generations emerged, they had to think over their product. Disney opened many resorts, hotels, cruise liners, but couldn’t attract the old customers. It made them happy but couldn’t keep them loyal. Getting to the root cause of this they realized that their amenities were dated and needed rejuvenation with tools of technology, graphics, new characters, new stories, new modes of entertainment in the theme parks, Disney TV channels, sports and news channels, in short, a new approach to the new generation. (c ) Role of Management To Changes As already mentioned there is a strategic change in the company and some new operations are introduced. The Management already has a very good policy of providing necessary training to its employees. They can further inform their employees about the market situation. It can make the staff understand the importance and need of the new operations and changes and insist why it needs the best from their employees. It can provide customer service training and motivate them to produce the best out of their service and compete with the growing competition. (d ) Advice to The Walt Disney Company To analyze a change in situation the management should keep itself updated about the market situation. It should not just look into the expansion of the Business but also keep an eye on the changing market industry and new requirements of the fans. It should study the developments of its competitors. There would be resistance to the changing market but to overcome this resistance, it can hold meetings and make its staff and managers realize the substance and requirement of the changes by providing detailed and proper explanation. Better knowledge of the market and motivation to achieve the target can help overcome the resistance to change. Reference

Algal Biomass

In addition to that, access to carbon dioxide and water areessential. Even though microalgae can produce in the presence of saline water,fresh water is needed in a raceway pond system to compensate for the evaporativeloss depending on the wind velocity, air temperature, and humidity level of thelocation. Temperature is an important element in biomass cultivation. Most algaegrow better in warmer climates ranging from 25-40?. Tropical locations with auniformly warm temperature throughout the year (Chisti, 2016), can act as perfectlocations for algaculture as the temperature doesn't have to be monitored at alltimes, and the algae can adapt to local conditions.There are however some drawbacks while using raceway pond systems, thatrender them sometimes ineffective. Since, carbon dioxide is required to acceleratethe production of microalgae, an accumulation of oxygen can act as a hindrance tothe process. There is no known mechanism in a raceway pond, that helps curb thisaccumulation of oxygen. Peak sunlight hours during the day can hamper with thephotosynthesis, as the level of oxygen may increase to up to three times of the levelin saturated water. For this reason, smaller raceway ponds achieve better resultsthan larger ponds with respect to oxygen removal, and in turn better productivity. Another issue with raceways is the contamination due to exposure to rain, dust andother debris. Smaller ponds may be placed inside, but that can't be said for largerponds. Filtration can help inhibit infestations and contamination of the ponds, but thatis an expensive process.The production cost of biomass with raceways is considered to be the leastexpensive option. The cost of a pond depends on the type of facility it is built in,plastic lined earthen raceways are the least expensive alternatives with their totalcost of construction amounting to be approximately $70,000 per hectare, whereasponds enclosed in greenhouses or covered facilities are more expensive as theyprotect from contamination. Raceways require least amount of capital investmentand therefore remain the system of choice, despite their low productivity anddrawbacks.Photo-bioreactors (PBRs)A photo-bioreactor is a closed equipment which provides a controlledenvironment and enables high productivity of algae. PBRs curb all the problems thatare faced in raceways ponds, like carbon dioxide supply, temperature, optimaloxygen levels, pH levels etc. There are two types of photo-bioreactors- flat-plate andand tubular. Both PBRs are made of transparent materials for maximum solar lightenergy absorption. Flat-plate PBRs are suitable for mass cultivation of algae,because high photosynthetic efficiencies can be achieved. Tubular PBRs aresuitable for outdoor cultivation, and are constructed with either glass or plastic tubes. Systems covering large areas outdoors, consist of tubes exposed to sunlight and canbe operated either in batches or continuously. Photo-bioreactors usually have a4water pool as a temperature control system in order to prevent the tubes fromoverheating as they act as solar receptors. They also have built in cleaning systemfor the tubes without stopping production. Fundamentally, using photo-bioreactorsare more advantageous than using raceways for many reasons, like cultivation ofalgae under controlled environments resulting in higher productivity, protection fromcontamination, space-saving and larger surface to volume ratio. However there aresome limitations attached to PBRs; the capital cost is very high which is impedingthe progress of microalgae biofuel production, in spite of larger production levels. Also, data from the past two decades has shown that the productivity in an enclosePBR is not much higher than that achieved in open-pond cultures.3. Environmental Limitations of Microalgae CultivationAs with all large scale productions, wide scale microalgae biofuel productioncould have diverse environmental impacts. Water is a critical element of the biofuelproduction processes, in both raceway-ponds and PBRs. With the current globalwater crisis, using large amounts of fresh water to compensate for evaporation inopen ponds or to cool PBRs, renders the system economically unviable. Seawater orbrackish water may be used in these functions, but have to be filtered in order toprevent infestation of bacteria, and contamination. Recirculating water is onealternative to curb the usage of water, but that has risks of virus infestations, and theresidues of previously destroyed algae cells. Filtration systems are expensive, andfactor in with the lack of cost effectiveness of these systems.Most microalgae production farms have to be located close to the equator inorder to ensure high levels of production due to the uniformity of the climate, andadequate amount of solar radiation. Another factor is the type of land and terrain thefarm is located in, for instance to install a large raceway pond, a relatively flat land isrequired. The addition of nutrients and fertilisers like nitrogen and phosphorus is alsoessential for algaculture. The amount of nutrients and fertilisers to be usedadditionally depends on the soil porosity and permeability of the land. Algalcultivation requires a lot of fertilisers to make up for the compensation for fossil fuels.Researching and budgeting nutrients and fertilisers is a key concern in research anddevelopment of microalgae cultivation. Algal cultivation requires usage of fossil fuels continuously in a plethora ofways, ranging from electricity consumption during cultivation and natural gas used todry the algae for production. In PBRs, the temperature control for cooling the pipesfrom overheating increases the use of fossil fuels. This use of fossil fuels in algaebiofuel production is paradoxical to the cause and a dire need to optimise the systemto minimise the energy usage is established. That being said, microalgae cultivationfaces a variety of environmental challenges, coming from the location to the type of5algae. Energy conservation and water management are two of the main challengesto be conquered to make the system sustainable in the future.4. Cost EffectivenessThe cost of algae biofuel production is essential to establish to know howsustainable this system can be in the future. The cost of biofuel production dependson a variety of factors, such as the the yield of the biomass, geographical location, oilcontent, scale of production systems etc. Presently, microalgae biofuel production isstill more expensive than normal diesel fuels because of the ongoing R&D, and theambiguity of current knowledge. Chisti in 2007 approximated the cost of productionof algal-oils from a PBR with an annual production capacity of 10,000 tons per yearand estimated the cost of $2.80 per litre, considering the oil content to be 30% in thealgae used. This estimation is exclusive of the algal oil to biodiesel conversion costs,logistics, marketing costs and taxes. Due to these high costs of algal-fuel, the utmostimportance during research should be given to cost-saving itself, in an attempt tomake biofuel from microalgae affordable enough to be commercialised in the nearfuture.Open pond systems would ideally be the most economically viable way tocultivate microalgae biofuel, but not without it's set of intrinsic disadvantagesdiscussed earlier in this research paper. As the technology gets increasinglyadvanced, the cost factor multiplies as well making the entire process a lot lesseconomical than what was started with first hand. Improved yield of biomass andnutrient oils (or lipids) would make the production costs drop rapidly.Moreover, to reduce the production costs alternative ways to manage energy andwater consumption have to be devised, a simplified design for PBRs is necessary.Substitutes for fresh water like wastewater and flue gases can contribute to lowercosts of production. Biofuel Production The rapid growth of environmental pollution by the usage of conventionalfossil fuels has sparked a lot of concern globally. The research and development foralternative fuels is one of the principal focuses for every country in an attempt for asustainable and promising future on this planet for all generations. Various optionsare available to us to help us make this shift, however to find a sustainable methodwhich is as promising as it is economically viable is a global challenge. Currently,biomass derived fuels seem to be the most optimistic path.Various ways of harvesting algae have been discussed in this paper, the next step istypically to process the algae in a series of steps which differ from species to6species. One of the most important approaches in biomass production isHydrothermal Liquefaction or HTL.5.1 Hydrothermal LiquefactionHydrothermal Liquefaction employes â€Å"a continuous process that subjectsharvested wet algae to high temperatures and pressures† (Elliot, 2013). Convertingsolid biomass to liquid fuels is not a spontaneous process. The liquid fuels derivedfrom fossil fuels on a large scale took thousands of years to convert biomass tocrude oil and gas. In present day, there are many modern conversion technologies toobtain liquefied fuels from various biomasses, these conversion technologies canfundamentally be classified into biochemical and thermochemical conversion.Biochemical mass usually has low energy density, high moisture content and doesnot have a very viscous physical form. Thermochemical conversions in comparisonare much more viscous as they are converted at very high temperatures in highpressures in the presence of catalysts that make the conversions much more rapid.Simply, Hydrothermal Liquefaction is â€Å"the thermochemical conversion of biomassinto liquid fuels by processing in a hot, pressurized environment for sufficient time tobreak down into solid bio polymeric structure to mainly liquid components†(Gollakota, 2017). Microalgae is, amongst all possible biomass sources, the most efficientand reliable source of wet biomass due to its high photosynthetic efficiency,maximum production levels, and its rapid growth in almost all environments. Overthe years, many thermochemical conversions have made their way, and while eachhas their pros and cons, HTL has come a long way as one of the most appropriateprocesses to tackle thermochemical conversion of wet biomass. Many scientists overthe years have done extensive research pertaining to the development ofhydrothermal liquefaction, such as Beckmann and Elliott who studied the propertiesof oil obtained from HTL of biomass, and gave crucial inputs with respect to the kindof catalysts and other parameters are pertinent to the HTL process to ensuresignificant productivity.5.2 Process MechanismCurrently, the knowledge about HTL process mechanisms is qualitative andneeds a lot more space for research. The mechanism comprises of three majorsteps: depolymerisation, decomposition and recombination. The chemistry behind allthese processes is very complex as the biomass is a complex mixture ofcarbohydrates, proteins, oils etc. Each working mechanism of hydrothermalliquefaction is discussed below.5.2.1 Depolymerisation7In this process the macromolecules of the biomass are dissolves through theirphysical and chemical properties. Depolymerisation makes it easier for the biomassto overcome it's natural qualities and start behaving like fossil fuels. It mimics thegeological processes, that are involved in the production of conventional fossil fuels.The process first grounds the feedstock material into small chunks and mixes it withwater, if the feedstock is fry. This mixture is then put into a pressure vessel reactionchamber where it is heated at a constant volume at a temperature of 250?, themixture is held in these conditions for approximately 15 minutes at the end of whichthe pressure is released and most of the water is boiled off. The resultant concoctionconsists of crude hydrocarbons and solid minerals. The minerals are removed andthe hydrocarbons are sent to the second stage.The disadvantage of this process is that it only breaks down long molecularchains into shorter ones, this implies that smaller molecules like carbon dioxide ormethane cannot be broken down further by depolymerisation. Decomposition or Dehydration The second stage of hydrothermal liquefaction involves the loss of the watermolecule, the carbon dioxide molecule and the acid content. Water at high pressuresand temperatures breaks down the hydrogen bonded structure of celluloses and inturn forms glucose monomers. This is how HTL provides an alternative processroute from microalgae biofuels to hydrocarbon liquid fuels.5.2.3 RecombinationThis is the last step in HTL which is reverse of the two previous processesbecause of the absence of the hydrogen compound. The free radicals are largelyavailable which in turn recombine or repolymerise to form high molecular weight charcompounds.5.3 Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae:The main advantage of using HTL for microalgae is that it doesn'trequire the predrying of feedstock, yet ensuring a relatively high production. Theprocess of HTL applied to microalgae is similar to treating cellulose but with a fewdifferences, the major one being treating wed feedstock as opposed to dryfeedstock. One of the principally researched issues that will ensure high productivityis a high lipid yield, which is necessary to convert microalgae into biodiesel. Theeffect of significant variables, such as temperature, pressure, volume, biomassconcentration and compositions of algae, catalysts et al. is still under research.During hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae, a rational heat management system8must be put in place that ensures energy efficiency and separation of the endproduct. Current Situation ; Future Viability:In present day, pertaining to all the advantages and disadvantages of HTL,there is sufficient proof that HTL has potential to become a commercialisedtechnology in the future.Biofuels produced using hydrothermal liquefaction are absent of carbon, thisimplies that there are no carbon emissions produced when the biofuel is burnt.Materials like algae use photosynthesis to grow, and therefore use the carbondioxide already present in the atmosphere. The carbon imprint produced by biofuelsis exponentially lower than what is already being experienced by conventional fossilfuels. Hydrothermal Liquefaction is a clean process, which doesn't harm theenvironment by producing harmful gases like ammonia or sulphur. If the technologyis mastered, HTL can pave the way for clean algal biofuels globally, although thereare still a number of challenges to be overcome. Conclusion The cultivation and production of microalgae biofuels is swiftly developing andis receiving attention and funding from global leaders. The rapid increase in worldpopulation, and hence the energy demand is a siren call to devise an alternativeenergy source. Microalgae's versatile qualities make it a promising path to tread onwhen it comes to biofuels. There are various ways to derive biofuels from algae aswe saw in this paper, and also many challenges attached with them. Bio-oil obtainedfrom various processes suffers from various drawbacks such as a high oxygencontent, instability etc, therefore an optimal technique to efficiently convert biomassto biofuel should be researched in order to be able to commercialise the use ofbiofuels in the near future. Making biofuels economically viable in the future is a bigchallenge in itself. Even though, photo-bioreactors promise a bright future in terms ofbiofuel cultivation, the overhead costs attached from cultivating the biofuel to makingit market ready and selling it are still quite high. These high costs of biofuels ascompared to conventional fossil fuels are what render them unready forcommercialisation. However, even with theoretical development and research, abright future for microalgae fossil fuels presents itself.

Business Development at Hallmark Global Technologies Essays

Business Development at Hallmark Global Technologies Essays Business Development at Hallmark Global Technologies Paper Business Development at Hallmark Global Technologies Paper About the Company HALLMARK GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES INCORPORATION Based from Newark, Delaware State of the United States of America, this company started its office in Hyderabad, after exploring the market in Singapore. The main business of the company is providing real world IT and Technology solutions to Global Corporations. This company is one among the Talluri Groups’ many other ventures, like Talluri Technologies, Grapevyne IT Solutions and Object Soft, and is headed by Mr. Jay Talluri ,Chairman for Group of Companies; Mr. Suman, Managing Director and in charge for all India Operations; Mr. Venky Char, CEO (Worked for Yahoo, GE, Microsoft as Divisional Manager for Asia Pacific) ; Mr. Vijay, Chief Technology Officer. Strengths The main strengths upon which the company stands are Customer Centric approach, ability to deliver accurately and effectively what the customers wanted, heavy industrial exposure, highly qualified and experienced workforce and lasting and enduring customer relationships , which play a major role in the rapid growth of the company. Global Presence Hallmark Global Technologies Inc. supports its clients operations around the world, seamlessly delivering the same results-driven solutions wherever they do business. Its clients rely on its global capabilities to address their business needs. The Company’s growth and success has evolved from its ability to foresee customer challenges and address them with apt solutions. Its teams, comprising of research innovators, architects and developers have constantly worked on developing products, solutions and mission-critical applications Hallmark Global Technologies Inc. has emerged to be a world-class solutions and products organization with clientele spread across geographies. It has time-and-again taken up challenges for accomplishing the mission of customer satisfaction armored with a focused vision and technical expertise. Its technical expertise coupled with functional know-how equipped it to collaborate with global organizations to deliver enterprise-wide solutions for busines s verticals such as Insurance, Retail and Distribution, Consumer Electronics, Healthcare and Utilities. Its clientele comprise of organizations of varied sizes from small and medium companies to Fortune 100 corporations. It acts as a strategic technology partner for global conglomerates and also provide R outsourcing services to international technology labs. Hallmark Global Technologies Inc. , has established structured Technology Excellence Groups (TEG) to foster innovation. This group continually explores advocates and applies new tools, technologies and methodologies to provide both clients and in-house development teams with technology directions and cutting edge solutions. The TEGs are early adapters of new technologies and act as test beds for these technologies before they are deployed in solutions for our customers. This ensures that our customers have access to the latest technologies at all times. PRODUCTS Being an ISO 9001 : 2001 certified multimillion dollar turnover MNC, this company has a range of software solutions and services for the enterprise as well as service providers, which are ? EMS (Our school) ?Progressive Portfolio Management (PPM) ?Universal Report Platform (URP) ?iFleet ?IEMS EMS EMS is an interactive platform for all entities viz. Students, Teachers, Management, Parents, Alumni, Guests and Experts of an educational institution. Benefits: Daily Monitoring Effective Management reports To avoid duplication of data and efforts To reduce paperwork and dependency on paper reports To reduce the time to generate timely and effective management reports. Effective use of man power Decision making. To Automate Totally and Reduce the Burden on Admin Staff. To Connect All The Departments Various Institutions, so as to Access / Share the Information Needed To innovate Progressive Portfolio Management ( PPM ): Custom Reports for Investment Analysis For people who want information at the tips of their fingers, PPM is designed for maximum ease of use; in fact its as simple as loading a CD. There will be a single CD for the analysis product itself that will contain all the platform and solution elements and additional licenses will be required for the reporting, ETL and databases tools employed. Due to the scalable and module-based nature of this product, additional solutions can be added to the existing features at later dates. The data mart can be deployed with any third-party business Intelligence solution to provide visualization capabilities. Some of the prepackaged reports that showcase the capabilities of the program are: capital cost performance, labor cost performance, bill and cost trends, portfolio trend analysis etc. Interface capabilities: Considering the need to develop web interfaces to the web intelligence product to enhance the reporting capabilities, the product is architected to be available in J2EE and . Net To carry out data transfer, this tool can be integrated with SAP using the existing technologies of SAP like IDOC, BDC and ALE Hallmarks iFleet: iFleet will make it simple to track vehicle maintenance for each individual vehicle no matter what the size of your fleet. Benefits: Labor Productivity-20% Increase in Productivity Reduce paperwork 100% increase in reporting accuracy accountability Fuel, Tires, Administration-Real Savings Consistency Establish your own fleet benchmarks for costs and operations Identify poor fuel KMPL units as compared to fleet averages Tracks tire cost by unit measure cost per KM against averages Make new vehicle buying decisions on performance comparisons Provide central control with consistent method of fleet reporting Never again pay fines for out of date license and permits Identify cost trends and make operating budget projections Universal Report Platform ( URP ): Upon requests from several clients, UPR was researched and conceived to address the growing problem of multiple media and platforms of document storage (ex. Paper-based, Online, CDs) in organizations which result in some of the following technical environment problems: Excess complexity due to multiple systems Architecture does not support multiple delivery systems Difficulty adhering to legal and compliance mandates in a timely manner Duplication of effort across the report generation systems from analysis through implementation, production and support Increased costs in maintaining multiple systems across multiple divisions UPR is designed to address a lot of the above problems: Benefits of UPR: Consolidate all report generation and execution systems into one Elimination duplication and improving business processes Improve client experience both internally and externally Reduce production impact caused by the complexity of building reports in multiple systems, manual intervention and error correction Provide general functionality with browser base access to Display application document, Track status of fulfillment and application, Order documents, disclosures, letters and allow modification of documents Improve the ability to apply legal and compliance directives to documents Fulfill form letters, packets, individual documents and document packages IEMS Is a scalable, flexible, assists the users in various countries to report manifest details with voyage, bill of landing and container information to their local customs through Electronic Data Interchange exchange message. Benefits: Ease in creating and updating documents, disclosures in one versus multiple systems. Reduce production impact caused by the complexity of building documents in multiple systems, manual intervention and error correction. Improved customer experience both internally and externally Improve the ability to apply legal and compliance mandates to documents Significant improvement in ability to handle Import and Out bound customers. Generate warning messages to prevent processing until critical disclosures, documents and / or letters have been satisfied Modify / update documents, disclosures, and letters to accommodate legislative and business needs Allow authorized users to initiate individual entry, report generation and to authorization at different levels as needed throughout processing cycle Generate reports wherever necessary Send documents electronically to different branches / countries. Query system for status of outstanding documents and other critical indicators

Timeline of Brown v. Board of Education

Timeline of Brown v. Board of Education In 1954, in a unanimous decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that state laws segregating public schools for African-American and white children was unconstitutional. The case, known as Brown v. Board of Education overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling, which was handed down 58 years earlier. The U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling was a landmark case that cemented the inspiration for the Civil Rights Movement.   The case was fought through the legal arm of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) which had been fighting civil rights battles since the 1930s. 1866 The Civil Rights Act of 1866 is established to protect the civil rights of African-Americans. The act guaranteed the right to sue, own property, and contract for work. 1868 The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified. The amendment grants the privilege of citizenship to African-Americans. It also guarantees that a person cannot be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law. It also makes it illegal to deny a person equal protection under the law. 1896 The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in an 8 to 1 vote that the â€Å"separate but equal† argument presented in the Plessy v. Ferguson case. The Supreme Court rules that if â€Å"separate but equal† facilities were available for both African-American and white travelers there was no violation of the 14th Amendment. Justice Henry Billings Brown wrote the majority opinion, arguing The object of the [Fourteenth] amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to endorse social, as distinguished from political, equality[...] If one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution of the United States cannot put them upon the same plane. The sole dissenter, Justice John Marshal Harlan, interpreted the 14th Amendment in another way contending that â€Å"our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens.† Harlan’s dissenting argument would support later arguments that segregation was unconstitutional.   This case becomes the basis for legal segregation in the United States. 1909 The NAACP is established by W.E.B. Du Bois and other civil rights activists. The purpose of the organization is to fight racial injustice through legal means. The organization lobbied to legislative bodies to create anti-lynching laws and eradicate injustice in its first 20 years. However, in the 1930s, the NAACP established a Legal Defense and Education Fund to fight legal battles in court. Headed by Charles Hamilton Houston, the fund created a strategy of dismantling segregation in education.   1948   Thurgood Marshall’s strategy of fighting segregation is endorsed by the NAACP Board of Directors.  Marshall’s strategy included tackling segregation in education. 1952 Several school segregation cases- which had been filed in states such as Delaware, Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia and Washington DC- are combined under Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. By combining these cases under one umbrella shows the national significance. 1954 The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously rules to overturn Plessy v. Ferguson. The ruling argued that the racial segregation of public school is a violation of the 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause. 1955 Several states refuse to implement the decision. Many even consider it, â€Å"[N]ull, void, and no effect† and begin establishing laws arguing against the rule. As a result, the U.S. Supreme Court issues a second ruling, also known as Brown II. This ruling mandates that desegregation must occur â€Å"with all deliberate speed.† 1958 Arkansas’ governor, as well as lawmakers, refuse to desegregate schools. In the case, Cooper v. Aaron  the U.S. Supreme Court remain steadfast by arguing that states must obey its rulings as it is an interpretation of the U.S. Constitution.

How should children in trouble with the law be responded to by Essay

How should children in trouble with the law be responded to by prioritizing their welfare or by prioritizing justice - Essay Example The cognitive development of children is not at the same level as it is when they have reached adulthood. The way in which they understand complex social concepts is not the same as the concepts that adults have developed. Therefore, when children commit crimes they do not have the same perspective from which to draw logical choices. The decisions that lead to an illegal act are driven by concepts that have been twisted to include the acceptability of those decisions. Children have a centralized need to draw in all of the education that they can take, which often includes exploring less than legal experiences. As well, sometimes they perceive an action that must be taken because they do not see an alternative. The problem with treating children as criminals is that they begin to behave and adopt the identity of a criminal. The crime that they commit later in life can be far worse than the crimes of childhood, thus creating a scenario where society has the choice of growing a better a dult or creating a new criminal. Because the actions of a child do not define the future identity of the potential adult within, the welfare of the child should be protected and nurtured in order to prioritize the security of justice in the future by implementing a welfare approach to handling youth offenders. According to Barrouillet and Gaillard (2011), children do not have the capacity to understand all of the factors involved in situations that have sophisticated complexities in forming the circumstances. Cognitive capacity increases with age allowing for more information to be considered in making a decision (p. 2). Children do not have the capacity to considered highly complex situations, thus creating impulsivity and spontaneity in the way in which they react to different situations. Circumstances are often such that the immediacy of the benefit will outweigh any ability to fully consider the consequences of the action. Therefore, it is often the case that illegal activity is not framed from the point of view of an understanding of all of the potential outcomes. Without the ability to form and recognized all of the outcomes, a child does not have the ability to make a true decision about right and wrong. Using the perspective of prioritizing justice does nothing to address the causes of youthful crime. It does nothing to attend to the safety of the public and causes more harm further down the line when now trained criminals are released from prison. This is not to suggest that children cannot be taught right from wrong, but it is too much to expect that every situation can be successfully framed within that conceptualization. According to Smith, Cowie, and Blades (2003), children are seeking to learn what is right and wrong and why it is right or wrong and as they grow, they are better able to comprehend more complex concepts (p. 270). However, children will not necessarily understand what makes a situation right or wrong and this misunderstanding can c reate a gap between understanding the action in regard to the outcome. As an example, take into consideration a childhood activity of throwing apples at cars as they pass. The child is aiming at a moving target, creating a game out of the explosion of the apple as it hits the car. However, the possible outcomes of startling the driver and causing an accident, causing damage to the car, or of breaking a window and injuring the passengers, may be well beyond the capacity of the child to understand. Even if those concepts are known, the child may still believe that nothing bad will happen and give into the temptation of throwing the fruit to see what will happen. Pearson (1984) writes eloquently about a world that has become more dangerous and filled with socially reforming do-gooders who have tied the hands of those

Future of newspaper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Future of newspaper - Essay Example Information technology changed the era of mass communication to an era of mass communicators where more people could set up media outlets (Steinberg 1). This affected newspapers adversely. Mary Vipond identifies that newspapers had a near monopoly on advertising revenues in the Canada in the 1950s (60). However, in 1960, newspapers lost their share of adverts to television and this fell to 30.9% at the end of the decade. It declined further to 27% between 1990 and 1995 and has continued to fall since then (Vipond 60). In the United States though, the American Newspapers Publishers Association announced a steady increase in advertising revenues of $5,704 million in 1970 to $25,170 million in 1985 (Fink 6). After 1990 though, the revenues began to decline since there was the introduction of new media outlets like the Internet and computers. Since the running of a newspaper company is strongly based on revenues from advertising, most newspapers declined. Technologically, the proliferation of computers and consumer electronic products made a major difference. This is because news is a commodity that is based on timeliness. As such, stronger and faster methods of presenting news always cause slower methods to disappear. The coming of the Internet and mobile phones have caused a lot of traditional newspapers to open online outlets. More significantly, new broadcasters have set up their own media outlets to disseminate information. This has led to so much competition. Newspapers have responded to these changes by setting up Internet outlets through which they present their news and try to advertise. As such, most newspapers now run both a digital and the traditional paper prints. As more and more people continue to use the Internet, it is predicted that traditional newspapers are going to focus more on the Internet. This is because there is a continuous increase in the number of people who spend their time on the Internet. As such, more