Make a Glow in the Dark Pumpkin

Make a Glow in the Dark Pumpkin You can make a sparkle in obscurity pumpkin with a jack-o-light face utilizing a typical non-poisonous concoction. The jack-o-lamp doesnt require cutting or fire, sparkles in downpour or wind, and keeps going as long as your pumpkin. Besides, the shining pumpkin looks extremely creepy! Sparkle in the Dark Pumpkin Materials Its extremely simple to make a sparkle in obscurity pumpkin and it doesnt require numerous materials: Pumpkin (genuine, cut, or artificial)Glow in obscurity paintPaintbrush (optional)Masking tape to shape a jack-o-lamp face (discretionary) Make the Pumpkin Glow Fundamentally, ​all you have to do is cover a pumpkin with shine in obscurity paint. The gleam in obscurity paint can be acquired from any expressions and artworks store. You can utilize gleam in obscurity acrylic paint for making models, sparkling gum based paint, or shine in obscurity texture paint. I utilized sparkling texture paint, which dries clear and is waterproof. Paint your pumpkin.Shine a brilliant light on the pumpkin, at that point flip off the lights. On the off chance that the pumpkin doesn't shine as brilliantly as you might want, apply at least one layers of gleam in obscurity paint. Making a Jack-o-Lantern Face For this task, the jack-o-lamp face is the part that doesn't shine. On the off chance that you are utilizing a cut jack-o-light, youve as of now got a face. In the event that you simply need a sparkling pumpkin, you basically cover the pumpkin with shine in obscurity paint, and youre wrapped up. In the event that you need a face on an unblemished pumpkin you have a couple of various alternatives for making it: Follow a face on the pumpkin and paint around the face.Tape a face on the pumpkin, paint the whole pumpkinâ and evacuate the tape when the paint is dry. To what extent Will the Glowing Pumpkin Glow? To what extent your pumpkin gleams relies upon the compound used to make it sparkle and the light you used to charge your pumpkin. Zinc sulfide is a luminous non-harmful concoction utilized in most gleam in obscurity paints. On the off chance that you sparkle a brilliant light on it, you can anticipate that it should shine for a few minutes as long as 60 minutes. In the event that you sparkle a bright light or dark light onto the pumpkin, it will gleam all the more splendidly, however presumably no more. More current bright paints depend on uncommon earth components. These colors sparkle brilliantly, for the most part in green or blue, and can last an entire day. In the event that you use tritium-based paint, you won't have to apply light so as to make your pumpkin gleam, in addition to the pumpkin will shine practically until the cows come home (at any rate 20 years). To what extent Will the Glowing Pumpkin Last? The kind of pumpkin you use will decide to what extent your shining pumpkin will last. In the event that you paint a cut jack-o-light, anticipate that the pumpkin should last a couple of days to seven days. An uncarved pumpkin may last a couple of months. A fake pumpkin can be utilized quite a long time after year.

Cognitive Dissonance, Media Illiteracy and Public Opinion Essay

Theme †The article ‘Cognitive Dissonance, Media Illiteracy and Public Opinion on News Media’ is analyzing and examining general feeling, media absence of education and subjective disharmony. The creator enjoys you through a reprieve down on popular assessment of papers and TV news and shows why a great deal of the quantitative research assumed control in the course of recent decades is in reality invalid. The principle motivation behind this article is to look into paper and TV news, and explore the reasons why one source is more believable and dependable than the other. He likewise talks about the decrease in the crowds of both. Setting †Numerous different researchers have refered to Claussen concerning why he accepts individuals pick TV news over paper is on the grounds that ‘it is human instinct to need a name and a face and a voice with communication’ (Claussen, 2006). It addresses the inquiries raised by different papers in regards to the respectability of TV news and why individuals decide to watch the news as amusement as opposed to perusing papers for the realities, which likewise shows the distinctions in general feeling over the quite a few years where the data is accumulated. It follows in with fields of study, for example, news coverage, media studies and mass correspondence as it separates how these kinds of correspondence are powerful to the general population. It entwines with brain science, open humanism and social investigations as the article analyzes the idea example and thinking regarding how individuals pick their favored style of news utilization. Structure †This exploration article is created from the discoveries of quantitative research directed by the U.S. paper industry, American Society of Newspaper Editors and most as of late The Ford Foundation. The article itself has two conventional headings to separate what is being examined and where the data was extricated: 1) Studies and Surveys About Newspapers Versus Television, and 2) Reasons Why The U.S. Open Gave Television News A Free Pass. The segments of this article are very clear. It begins with the presentation, which gives a broad synopsis of what is being talked about, whom this theme is influencing and the reasons why this data was accumulated. It at that point moves Claussen’s principle contention under the heading; Studies and Surveys About Newspapers Versus Televisions. In this segment you discover the proof to help the author’s guarantees about the contrast among papers and TV news and the public’s conclusion on this issue. The article at that point proceeds onward to the subsequent heading, Reasons Why the U.S. Open Gave Television News a Free Pass, which itself is a striking articulation of the author’s perspective. Consistently referencing Newhagen and Nass’ article ‘Differential Criteria for Evaluating Credibility of Newspapers and TV News’ (Newhagen and Nass, 1989), which shares Claussen’s see, this segment additionally fills in as an end. This segment finishes up with the sentiment that the motivation behind why individuals pick TV news over papers is expected to the public’s absence of education of the media. The creator can impart his considerations and thoughts obviously without the utilization of graphs, tables or visual guides. He utilizes plentiful raw numbers to help his contention, in a reasonable and very much organized article. In general, the structure of this piece has been anything but difficult to follow, easy to peruse and extremely useful. Style †This is an enlightening yet influential piece; Claussen utilizes research to convince the crowd of his feeling on news utilization by general society. He is keeping in touch with a general crowd, any individual who is keen on finding out about this point will see it as a fascinating piece to peruse. The language is basic and nonpartisan, and is clear and straightforward with negligible utilization of language and troublesome words. The article is formal, and he doesn't utilize distinct language or endeavor to imagine the current theme, keeping his clout regarding the matter. Contention †The popular sentiment with respect to news media, the contrasts among papers and TV news, the thinking behind why the quantitative research on this subject is invalid and the progressions made in this industry in the course of recent decades are largely parts of the current contention. The creator is attempting to persuade his crowd that individuals will offer a response on this subject is regarded more socially adequate instead of the genuine truth with respect to the manner in which they get their news. He is likewise persuading the crowd that papers have much more substance and perspectives than the straightforward ones communicated on TV. The creator accepts absence of training on media education is the most significant factor and that ‘the substance of the TV news has become so poor that numerous customers can no longer deny that papers are better news media than TV news broadcasts’ (Claussen, 2006). The writer makes hardly any suspicions all through the article; one being that ‘the paper industry and the individuals who put stock in a significant, even remarkable, job for papers are worried about the drawn out fate of the industry’ (Claussen p212) as there is no proof to help the extent of these cases. Proof †The creator has assembled instances of conclusions by researchers and experts in the mass correspondence industry, just as accumulated insights from quantitative research performed by associations and enterprises to back up dominant part of his cases. Most of the sources refered to in this article are auxiliary sources, anyway I have discovered one contextual investigation from readership.org refered to by Claussen. This contextual analysis takes a gander at the kind of news individuals need to peruse, and rankings of significance among sorts of paper perusers, anyway the entirety of the other unique research refered to in this article is not, at this point accessible by means of the web to legitimize the sources. Assessment †Claussen remembered data from comparative articles to step for ends and back up his cases on this point, specifically, the article ‘Differential Criteria for Evaluating Credibility of Newspapers and TV News’ (Newhagen and Nass, 1989) this is a companion seen diary article which has been refered to more than multiple times. Comparable to this article making on the determination that ‘newspapers will consistently be off guard comparative with TV in reviews of open perspectives as a result of the division in existence among perusers and the individuals who produce newspapers’ some would state since the article was written in 1989 this paper would profit by later discoveries on this theme as now this may have changed because of the moment input they would now be able to get by means of online studies. This has been incorporated to help the cases that it is more diligently to deliver paper news than TV news, anyway seeing this article this would be the fundamental determination you would make from this proof. Another model would be ‘The Public’s Use and Perception of Newspapers’ (Bogart, 1984). This is another diary article, which thinks about paper content and the substance of TV news. The manner in which the insights are depicted in this article contrasted with the first source reinforces the contention by changing the wording to make the contention progressively enticing for instance ‘only 53% said TV alone was not sufficient’ (Claussen, 2006) contrasted with the first article that Claussen used to pick up his proof which expressed ‘53 percent, state they don't get enough news from TV and need the additional subtleties from the papers on the large stories’ (Bogart, 1984). One significant explanation which has not been talked about in this article, is that lion's share of individuals in the US have a TV in their home, which has free access to the neighborhood channels, along these lines sitting in front of the TV news is progressively open. This article has been fairly valuable in contrasting the contrasts among paper and TV news since the beginning anyway not having any ongoing proof or conclusions has debilitated the cases as there is no proof allowed from the decade preceding composing this piece with respect to the development of media, including sites, advanced mobile phones, web based life, and other correspondence sources. End †Experiencing the proof and suppositions that Claussen has refered to help his cases and subsequent to analyising the article all the more profoundly, it would be discovered that his contention that paper content is significantly more grounded than TV news, isn't really right, taking into account that TV news is a lot simpler to acquire. Individuals lean toward a progressively close to home method of survey their news and nowadays individuals need as much data as possible get in the snappiest manner conceivable creation TV news generally well known. With the new advances accessible in these ongoing occasions would these cases made in regards to where individuals gain their report from still be applicable to the conversation on the papers long haul future? References †Bogart, Leo 1984, ‘The Public’s Use and Perception of Newspapers’ The Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 709 †719. Recovered January 11, 2012 from JSTOR Database by means of Griffith University. Juric, Pavica 2006 ‘Mass Media Usage during a Natural Disaster: LSU College Students and Hurricane Katrina’, Masters proposition, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. Newhagen, John and Nass, Clifford 1989, ‘Differential Criteria for Evaluating Credibility of Newspapers and TV News’, Journalism Quarterly, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 277-281,284. Recovered January 9, 2013 from ProQuest Database by means of Griffith University.

Free Spirit Publishings Social-Emotional Resources, Part II

Free Spirit Publishings Social-Emotional Resources, Part II Our latest updates for the week of August 6, 2017. As part of our back-to-school updates on TeacherVision, we've added more social-emotional learning and character education materials for teachers, students and parents. Use the six Free Spirit Publishing pieces found belowâ?which deal with bullying, learning from past mistakes, and identifying student learning preferencesâ?to guide your students towards becoming their best selves. Warning Signs of Bullying Designed to help both teachers and parents, this resource covers 14 physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs that indicate that a child is being bullied or at risk for bullying. oung people encounter, Free Spirit has had the same mission for more than 30 years: to provide children and teensâ?and the adults who care for and about themâ?with the tools they need to think for themselves, overcome challenges, and make a difference in the world. If you missed Part I, you can find it here. Let's connect! Follow TeacherVision on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Pinterest, and Google+.

Free Spirit Publishings Social-Emotional Resources, Part II

Free Spirit Publishings Social-Emotional Resources, Part II Our latest updates for the week of August 6, 2017. As part of our back-to-school updates on TeacherVision, we've added more social-emotional learning and character education materials for teachers, students and parents. Use the six Free Spirit Publishing pieces found belowâ?which deal with bullying, learning from past mistakes, and identifying student learning preferencesâ?to guide your students towards becoming their best selves. Warning Signs of Bullying Designed to help both teachers and parents, this resource covers 14 physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs that indicate that a child is being bullied or at risk for bullying. oung people encounter, Free Spirit has had the same mission for more than 30 years: to provide children and teensâ?and the adults who care for and about themâ?with the tools they need to think for themselves, overcome challenges, and make a difference in the world. If you missed Part I, you can find it here. Let's connect! Follow TeacherVision on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Pinterest, and Google+.

Essay Sample on Insurance Services

Insurance Services Imagine that you have to create a website aiming to sell insurance services. You need to mention all the benefits of cooperation with you Buying insurance online can be a hassle. Selecting the right insurance services can be time consuming and confusing. You may encounter insurance lingo you might be unfamiliar with, or fear of being sold services you do not really need. At ABC Insurance Partnerships Inc. we understand these challenges. ABCs goal is to cooperate with our clients and help them to make educated decisions about the types of insurance services they need. We strive to be the top rated and most trusted source for online insurance purchases. We start with a free individualized analysis of your needs utilizing an easy to use online application form. In less than ten minutes ABC can provide suggestions on the types of insurance services best suited for your individual needs. ABC will provide real time quotes and have an agent on the line ready to help you with any questions. The support assistance does not stop there- ABC provides live agents 24 hours a day before, during, and after you select the product. We provide top quality service to our partners; click here for client testimonials. When you join the ABC to buy insurance online you receive top quality customer service from qualified agents. We will be there for you as much as you need. Choose ABC Insurance Partnerships to be your partner when buying insurance services online. Click here for more information or to fill out our online application buy insurance online now!

Essay on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in...

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is commonly referred to as ADHD. ADHD is a medical condition that is categorized by complications with inattentiveness or hyperactivity and impulsivity. However, these indicators must be severe enough to cause glitches with daily functioning in two of the following places: at home, in school, in the community or in the workplace. Sufferers of the disorder tend to have greater risks for other psychiatric and behavioral disorders. ADHD use to be thought of as a childhood disorder, however, more research shows that ADHD continues into adolescence and also into adulthood. ADHD can have serious effects on a person’s quality of life; Socialization, school performance, and behavior are some of the areas in†¦show more content†¦Most teens are diagnosed with ADHD as a child and have been treated. As a result, studies suggest that by puberty, almost fifty percent of the children identified with ADHD no longer have symptoms. Having a prec ise diagnosis of ADHD is imperative. Occasionally a child might express problems at school that are not seen at home or vice versa. This may not be a true diagnosis of ADHD. The material may not be interesting or perplexing enough for the child, and in many circumstances, this is mistaken for ADHD. Instead, this may be a result of an undiagnosed learning disability. A number of teenagers identified with ADHD do better one-on-one rather than in large groups. A teen with severe symptoms of ADHD will have problems in all settings. The different settings include the home, at school, and even while playing. Undiagnosed cases of ADHD can lead a teenager to develop a low self-esteem, frustration, academic underachievement, failure, and social isolation which can all follow into one’s adulthood. 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Sexuality And Gender Identification A Perspective Point...

This analysis the focal point regarding the readings focuses around sexuality and gender identification. First, in Chapter twenty-two, Kaja Silverman clarifies both Freud and Lacan’s theories from a perspective point of view. Additionally, in Chapter Twenty-eight, Jacqueline Rose highlights identification of sexuality and feminism. Finally, the article conducted by, Keith Reader, explains different ways to exemplify â€Å"self† identification in regards to gender identity. Beginning with Chapter Twenty-two Silverman elaborates Lacan’s theory regarding semiotic linguistics and anthropology. In Chapter Twenty-two Silverman examines the delivery of Jacques Lacan’s theories, which mirror those of Freud. Lacan extends the works of Freud, â€Å"retaliating the works of Saussure and Levi-Strauss† (Silverman, 1999). Furthermore, Silverman utilizes the â€Å"Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-Analysis†, to describe Lacan’s seminars and writin gs. 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The relationship among the leadership style - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about The relationship among the leadership style. Answer: Mr. Bradford Leon Branducci is the chief executive officer of Woolworths limited. He worked with Woolworths group Liquor Company as a director for the duration of 2012 to 2015 respectively. Mr. Bradford Leon makes use of features such as situational, flexibility, collaboration and cooperation etc. to gain success and growth of the business. Furthermore, he uses authoritarian leadership style to stay in the competitive market to attain the goals and objectives of the firm. He plays a significant leadership role in the Woolworths supermarkets company. Now talking about his background, Mr. Bradford Leon is famous as Brad, and he got a bachelor degree in commerce and Brad received a master degree in business administration. He was an enthusiast and keenly person who always want to improve and enhance capabilities, potentials, and efficiency. Mr. Brad also served his period as director in Liquor and food of Woolworths limited in Australia. In addition, he worked 15 years in Boston Consult ing group as a president. Moreover, he has gained appropriate information, knowledge, and experience in the field of leadership. He plays an active and significant role in the organization. Now talking about leadership, leadership is the ability of an organization or group to direct or guide other employees, and team in the organization. Leader is the person who influences other people for doing work effectively and efficiently (Mendenhall, Osland Bird, Oddou, Stevens, Maznevski Stahl, 2017). Mr. Bradford Leon Branducci effective and dynamic leadership styles to increase and maximize revenue and profit of the firm. He set long term goals and objectives to maximize revenue of the firm (Jackson Parry, 2011). Apart from this, he motivates other employees to improve and enhance the productivity and efficiency of the workers. The leadership styles which have been used by Mr. Brad help to explore and flourish the business in the competitive market. This type of leader believes that there must be a professional relationship among the employees in the organization to overcome the competitors in the global market (Bhatti, Maitlo, Shaikh, Hashmi Shaikh, 2012). This type of leader retains all authority, power and control and reserves rights and responsibilities to make effective and unique decisions. Mr. Brad distrusts their employees ability and maintains control on the employees. By using autocratic leadership style, Mr. Branducci has been able to set the long-term vision for th e organization. In addition, he develops and initiates goals and objectives for the management to manage trading activities and operations. He has also been able to maintain effective and dynamic communication in the firm through authoritarian leadership style. It is seen that he is one of the significant element due to which the firm has been able to stand out against the competitors in the market. He is the right and capable person for Woolworths Company in order to attain competence and profitability in the world. Moreover, Mr. Branducci Leon also provides several benefits to stakeholders of the firm. Now it is assumed that he protects rights and interest of the stakeholders to increase the profit of the firm. The success and growth of Woolworths show that Mr. Branducci is performing duties and responsibilities effectively. The firm is earning returns and revenue day by day. If talking about the growth of leader in Woolworths, it shall be noted that Mr. Branducci increases return s and profitability of the firm by implementing effective leadership style within the organization. This strategy helped the firm to gain $ 800 million for the firm. By using autocratic leadership style, he has been able to maintain control over the firm by maximizing the revenue and profit of the organization effectively and powerfully (Northouse, 2015). Alan Joseph Joyce Another leader Alan Joseph Joyce was born on 30 June 1966 is an Australian businessman. He is from Ireland and Alan Joseph was became CEO of the Australian airline Qantas in the year 2000. His father worked in a Tobacco factory and his mother was a cleaner. He graduated with honors and got a Bachelor of Science degree. He is known as a most influential business player in the world. He is an Ambassador of the indigenous education foundation. In addition, Alan Joyce uses democratic leadership style to run the business activities successfully and powerfully. He is the managing director and CEO of the Qantas group since November 2008. He plays a major role in this company to gain long-term objectives and goals of the firm. Mr. Joyce is a fellow of the Australian Academy of technological science and Royal aeronautical society. Now discussed about the professional career of Mr. Alan Joseph Joyce, he also worked at Aer Lingus for 8 year which was a flag carrier for Ireland. He worked there as a marketing manager to manage and operate the business activities innovatively. He joined new defunct Australia after leaving Aer Lingus. In 2000, Alan Joyce joined Australian airline Qantas. He worked in Qantas as a leader to gain competitive advantages in the marketplace. The schedule planning, network strategy, and network planning are done by Mr. Alan Joseph Joyce. He was certified for rendering effective and dynamic services in the airline industry as well as other industries (Lyons Schneider, 2009). He uses democratic leadership style to motivate and inspire people in the organization. It is noted that this type of leadership style helps to initiate and develop the activities in the firm. It also helps to achieve competence and potential in the competitive market. He provides power and responsibilities to workers to make unique decisions in the organization. It also helps to provide job satisfaction to subordinates and to encourage innovation and modernization. By using this leadership style, Mr. Alan Joseph Joyce helps to resolve problems and issues of the firm. In this way, he is considered a democratic leader to inspire workers for doing work effectively and efficiently. This leadership style helped the firm to make an effective and sustainable position in the global market. Along with this, Alan Joseph Joyce protects the interest of the customers by providing innovative services to them. He initiated group decision-making process in the management of the firm. He motives and encourages team members for doing task powerfully. He usually used appropriate strategies and approaches for growing the company innovatively so that they can utilize the maximum resources in the organization. It also helps to maximize returns for the firm. Furthermore, he uses innovative and dynamic technologies and resources in the management due to which Qantas has been able to retain and sustain a financial position in the international market (Men Stacks, 2013). It is noted that Mr. Alan Joseph Joyce implemented three-year transformation plan due to which it became difficult for another rivalry to sustain the current position in the market. He is able to understand the actual requirements, needs, and tastes of the customers through which the firm gains success and growth in the international market. Furthermore, he maintains unique core values such as honesty, accountability, innovation and integrity and dignity in the organization. After various researchers, it has been evaluated that Qantas has been able to reach the top position in the market by using democratic leadership style in the organization. In addition, he also empowers group members in order to motivate members to accomplish their task and duties. He is considered an excellent leader to solve and resolve complex issues in an organization. He has the ability to work cooperatively and collaboratively, using a consensus of reviews and opinion to get things done the right and effect ive manner. Alan Joseph Joyce thinks innovatively and motivates others to do the same, so that difficult problems and issues can be resolved. In addition, he helps to create a favorable working environment to attain outcomes and results of the firm (Giltinane, 2013). Mr. Joyce restructuring at Qantas is fixed to deliver unique services to the customers. It also helps to improve and enhance returns and operational efficiency of the workers. Furthermore, Joyce dropped and stopped unprofitable routes to maximize returns and revenue in the market. He has also targeted to save A$400 million annually in profitability and cost. Comparison of leadership styles Leadership plays a vital and active role to influence other people in the organization for doing work effectively and powerfully. The leadership styles depend upon the type of business. In todays era, major challenges are faced by both the leaders while conducting business activities and operations globally. The major challenges include rapidly changing technology, globalization, the growing need for innovation, resource scarcity and climate changes. All these environmental factors influence the growth and progress of the firm adversely. Woolworths and Wesfarmers are top retail companies in Australia. Woolworths is the global player in Australian market which provides unique and dynamic products to the customers in the world. The technology and climate also affect the long-term vision of the firm. In addition, globalization has led to fluctuation in prices which has a direct negative impact on the long-term goals of the firm. Due to increase in competition, the country has to lower d own their prices and cost for their retail products and services. As a result, it also decreases the ability and potential to sustain and maintain social welfare in the country. Globalization has also a negative impact on labors. Safety rules, legislation, and standards are avoided to produce and manufacture cheap products and services. It affects the returns and revenue of the firm. Sometime, the firm could not able to take resources on time which also influence the trading activities and operations. Resource scarcity is a big issue for Woolworths Company to carry the business activities successfully. The company cannot meet its long-term objectives and goals without effective resources. The immediate target of the firm is to reduce carbon emissions to 10% below 2015 levels. Thus, innovative technologies are used by the firm to reduce and prevent negative effects of carbon emissions in the environment. However, it increases high employee turnover and absenteeism in the organization which affects the profit and revenue of the firm. The employees could not able to understand the advantages and benefits of new technologies and organizational changes. Hence, they resist these changes within the organization. As a result, the firm has to bear a great loss in the global market. On the other hand, all these challenges are also faced by Qantas while rendering services to customers in the competitive market. Globalization has an active and significant impact on marketing because an organization distributes its products to international customers and it helps to generate employment opportun ities in the country. Qantas is the oldest airline in Australia. The organization needs to buy the aircraft from the market at a high cost which has a direct adverse impact on the financial position of the firm in the international market. Due to globalization, the company has not been able to promote its services in the market. All these challenges are faced by the organization (Jogulu, 2010). Mr. Bradford Leon Branducci uses effective and dynamic strategies and policies to handle and overcome these challenges in the global market. Mr. Bradford uses authoritarian leadership style to eliminate and reduce these challenges and issues. He directs and controls all the operations and activities without any meaningful participation by the employees. He maintains full control of the team (Schoel, Bluemke, Mueller Stahlberg, 2011). On comparing the leadership style of Mr. Bradford Leon Branducci with the leadership style of Alan Joseph Joyce, it shall be evaluated that both the leaders follow opposite leadership styles in their business. The leadership styles depend upon the size, nature, and type of business. For example, in Retail Company proper control of workers and management is essential where Mr. Branducci uses authoritarian leadership style to conduct business activities properly while Alan Joseph Joyce initiates opposite leadership style. This leadership style depends upo n leaders, all decisions are taken by leaders. Mr. Brandford Leon Branducci takes quick decisions by using this leadership style. He takes decisions without consult with other people. He keeps an eye on the activities and operations of the workers. It may help to increase and improve the performance of the workers and encourage them to do work successfully. This leadership provides strong motivation and satisfaction to the leader who dictates terms. Less competent and unskilled subordinates are required in this leadership style. Mr. Brandford Leon Branducci works well for managers who prefer having complete control over activities and operation. In this way, he maintains control on whole management. He tries to meet and attain different motivational needs and requirements of group members. This leadership style also interrupts their employee's capabilities and competencies (Nohria Khurana, 2010). On the other hand, democratic leadership is completely opposite from autocratic leadership style. This style is considered the best option for many companies. Democratic leadership style is used by Mr. Alan Joseph Joyce to attain competitive edge in the global market. Along with this, democratic leader give equal importance to its employees whereas an authoritarian leader only monitors on the results and outputs of the process. They do not maintain informal relationship with the employees. Under democratic leadership style, Alan Joyce distributes roles and responsibilities and empowers group members to make effective decisions in an organization. With effective and unique democratic leadership style, he provides job satisfaction and morale to the employees (Rafiq Awan Mahmood, 2010). By using this style, he has been able to create solutions for issues and problems of the organization. They find out solutions for complex problems and issues to attain long-term benefits in the market. The democratic process and leadership ensures that solution is reviewed and analyzed on a continuous basis. Mr. Alan Joseph Joyce ensures that team members work well with other individuals, so that they can maintain effective and dynamic communication with employees. Furthermore, they are responsible to build and develop strong team in an organization. The leaders delegate and exercise authorities and responsibilities to the employees to meet long-term mission and vision of the firm. Now it is assumed that Mr. Alan Joseph Joyce uses democratic leadership style to prevent and eliminate these challenges and issues. The democratic leadership style is also known as participative and shared leadership style (Weinberger, 2009). The team members play a participative role in the decision making process. Furthermore, Qantas is an airline industry that needs to be focused on the globalization and innovative technologies. This can be possible by using democratic leadership style in the organi zation. It is quite opposite of autocratic leadership style. The autocratic leader like Mr. Bradford Leon Branducci does not provide rights and authorities to the employees while Alan Joseph Joyce includes team members to make effective and unique decisions in the company. In addition, autocratic leader maintains a high level of control whereas democratic leader maintains low level of control. The autocratic leadership is suitable for unskilled and obedient leaders while democratic leadership style is appropriate for experienced and qualified workers. In this way, both leadership styles are used by both the leaders to conduct operations and activities of the firm. Mr. Alan Joseph Joyce uses behavioral theory to maintain a good relationship with employees. The behavioral theory may be defined as a systematic approach to understand and evaluate the behavior of humans and others. The leaders determine the behavior of people by implementing and initiating behavioral theory in the organi zation. In this way, both the leaders determine and evaluate success and growth of the firm by using leadership practices and strategies in an organization (Bass Bass, 2009). The leadership styles also help to make strong goodwill and image in the competitive market. On the above-mentioned study, it is concluded that all types of leadership styles have their own attributes and aspects in order to determine the progress and success of the firm. A comparison of leadership styles has been shown in the task that has been adopted by Mr. Bradford Leon Branducci and Alan Joseph Joyce. Mr. Bradford Leon Branducci uses autocratic leadership style whereas Mr. Alan Joseph Joyce uses democratic leadership style to gain success in the business. The different leadership styles are used by both the leaders to overcome and reduce the several challenges such as globalization, climate changes, and resource scarcity. Both the leaders attain competence and potential in the global market by using effective leadership styles. Now it recommended that Mr. Bradford Leon Branducci uses autocratic leadership style so he should protect the rights and interest of the employees. He should not harm the rights and interest of employees in the firm. They should focus on the needs, requirements, and desires of the leaders. Along with this, they should maintain strict control on the operations and activities of the organization. In this way, the leader can enhance and improve efficiency and effectiveness of the workers. On the other hand, Mr. Alan Joseph Joyce uses democratic leadership style to initiate and implement the activities of the business. Thus, he should focus on the social activities to promote and enhance the trading activities of the Qantas. It helps to overcome and reduce the environmental challenges of the firm. The leaders should provide encourage and motivate the capable and potential employees for doing work powerfully and successfully. References Bass, B. M., Bass, R. (2009).The Bass handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications. Simon and Schuster. Bhatti, N., Maitlo, G. M., Shaikh, N., Hashmi, M. A., Shaikh, F. M. (2012). The impact of autocratic and democratic leadership style on job satisfaction.International Business Research,5(2), 192. Giltinane, C. L. (2013). Leadership styles and theories.Nursing standard,27(41), 35-39. Jackson, B., Parry, K. (2011).A very short fairly interesting and reasonably cheap book about studying leadership. Sage. Jogulu, U. D. (2010). Culturally-linked leadership styles.Leadership Organization Development Journal,31(8), 705-719. Lyons, J. B., Schneider, T. R. (2009). The effects of leadership style on stress outcomes.The Leadership Quarterly,20(5), 737-748. Men, L. R., Stacks, D. W. (2013). The impact of leadership style and employee empowerment on perceived organizational reputation.Journal of Communication Management,17(2), 171-192. Mendenhall, M. E., Osland, J., Bird, A., Oddou, G. R., Stevens, M. J., Maznevski, M. L., Stahl, G. K. (Eds.). (2017).Global leadership: Research, practice, and development. Routledge. Nohria, N., Khurana, R. (Eds.). (2010).Handbook of leadership theory and practice. Harvard Business Press. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Rafiq Awan, M., Mahmood, K. (2010). The relationship among leadership style, organizational culture and employee commitment in university libraries.Library management,31(4/5), 253-266. Schoel, C., Bluemke, M., Mueller, P., Stahlberg, D. (2011). When autocratic leaders become an optionUncertainty and self-esteem predict implicit leadership preferences.Journal of personality and social psychology,101(3), 521. Weinberger, L. A. (2009). Emotional intelligence, leadership style, and perceived leadership effectiveness.Advances in Developing Human Resources,11(6), 747-772.

G20 and G2 unions versus European Union

In 1993, 27 European countries came together to form a union that was aimed at increasing trade between them. The signing of the various treaties necessary for cooperation of these countries saw the birth of one of the biggest economic powerhouses. The fact that the union has a great organization and a parliament that controls its operation has seen it having a great impact on the global economy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on G20 and G2 unions versus European Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The same has been duplicated in the political arena as the union has one of best-controlled economies in the world. The union has also controlled the commercial activities of these countries, and it is a big contributor to the commercial activities in the world. However, in the recent years the going for this union has not been in its best of the forms (Kahn 2008). Global economic crises have had a great influence at it and have caused some of the members to join hands to form other unions in an aim of fighting the arising crises. The resultant of this is the formation of two unions, the G20 and the G2, both with an aim of fighting the global crises. The aim of this essay is to try to find out whether the formation of these unions poses a threat on European Union. Arguments in the essay will be aimed at deriving a wide range of information of the effects the new unions has on the global economy, as well as European Union. Facts about the activities of these unions will be revealed and the effect they have on the European Union will also be accessed. A conclusive conclusion will be arrived at that seeks to show whether the European Union is facing any threats from the new emerging unions. The G20 union is an organization of 19 countries and 1 union with an aim of bringing together the industrialized countries with the emerging markets. Dialogue is a valued asset of this organization as it bids to solve the problem of global economic crises. On the other hand, G2 is an informal association between two countries that is United States and china to promote a bilateral relationship between them (Dizikes 2009). To start with, the global financial crisis that has been experienced in the recent years is a globalized affair. By this, I mean that it needs a combination of different countries of the world to solve it, and the G20 and G2 offer this solution as they incorporate members from different regions of the world.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Members range from Asia, America, Europe, Africa, and even Australia. Since not all economies of the world were involved in the decline of the economies, incorporating all of them means that the countries can share the resources left out by the crisis. On the other hand, the European Union is a combination of countries in Eur ope, the lack of diversity with other countries of the work means that very little can be shared globally since all the countries have almost identical economies (El-Agraa 2007). The resultant of this is that the accomplishments by the G20 and the G2 are more than the ones brought by the European Union. In other words, the threat from the new emerging unions is great to the European Union. Taking an example of G20, they have incorporated an association of industrial powers and emerging markets, and they encourage dialogue between the member states. Through this, the problem that existed of emerging markets failure to be included in the global economy discussion was solved. In addition, the global international architecture has been strengthened, as well as growth and development around the globe. The various meetings held between the members have shown a great improvement in the globe, especially when it comes to the emerging markets. The results from this association are tremendous , as the member countries have control of about 90% of the world’s global national product, as well as 80% of the world’s trading activities. Also, notable is the fact that about sixty six percent of the world population is involved in this association. The influence and the legitimacy of the G20 can be attributed to the broad representation as well as the economic weight it carries. The influence it has on the world is undeniably the biggest ever. Clearly, the heights reached by the G20 union is one to reckon with, the transformation of the global economy and financial systems is the highest to be attained in the recent years. This is surely a scare to existing unions since none of them has enjoyed such. The threats to this union is therefore there and one of biggest around (Tindall 2009). Another reason that the European Union should feel threatened by the new unions especially the G20 is the changes these unions have caused to the global economy. Financial regulatio ns have increased in scope, as well as the strengthening of prudential regulations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on G20 and G2 unions versus European Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Policy coordination has also been enhanced through the creation of a framework aimed at ensuring that there is macro-economic cooperation between the members of the union (Baldwin 2009). Finally, the influence of the G20 union also has the eyes of international monetary fund (IMF) and the World Bank, and they have reformed towards improving global governance and putting to account the needs of the emerging developing countries. The truth of the matter is the world has encountered many changes that have transformed it to a global economy, therefore, this is enough proof that the regional economic blocks are being overtook by this development and they risk losing their place to more globalized unions (Armijo 2002). Again, this s hould put a scare on the European Union, which is a regional economic block only operating in Europe. The scope covered by the new unions also poses a risk to the European Union. The meaning of this is that the unions have taken an initiative far beyond the economic strengthening, and have taken social responsibility. A good example is G2 association between United States and China. Beyond their economic relations, they have established a mechanism to fight against global pollution. China and United States are the biggest polluters of the environment due to emitting from the production companies. The bilateral relationship is aimed at the worldwide good where we have the world being saved from such problems as global warming. Through such measures like speedy research, both these countries have expounded their relationship beyond the normal economic level. The cooperation has seen this knowledge or implementation of the same extended to most parts of the world to ensure that the glo bal environment has been kept safe for each and every one living in it. The other beneficially to this cooperation is other Asian societies who have enjoyed photovoltaic cells, which have been produced through solar and wind power by china. However, the G2 union cannot just be seen as a replacement of the G20 union, but rather a facilitator to this union, especially in the economic terms (Klau 2008). The European Union has its part, which it has contributed in fighting the climatic changes due to pollution of the environment. However, the scope it covers is allowed in Europe. This is where there is the need to incorporate a more globalized system of solving the problem since climate change does not know geographical boundaries. Unification ensures the good of all, and is one important aspect in ensuring the success of an organized institution. The fact that most of the policies are set out by the individual countries rather than the European Union also creates partial division. Usag e of such ways on policing is like have a constitution and another body that has laws that has powers over it.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is a need to develop policies that are agreed upon by all the members or even a greater majority like what is happening in the new unions being formed. Having policies that are agreed upon ensures that there are less number of people who fail to follow them as they are universally binding. Lack of unifying policies also means lesser interaction, especially when it comes to technology as experience by the countries that are not in the golden triangle (English 2005). No wonder growth is being experienced more in this area. The creation of unions like the G20 ensures that promotion of growth is all around the world with views of the member states inclusive irrespective of their economic capability. In any market, there needs to be a seller and subsequently an able buyer. The two emerging unions offer this description in their operation, that is, the industrial able nations are cooperating with the emerging markets of countries that are not so developed in a healthy cohesive relat ion. The example of the G2 has the same, as it sees a relationship between the world’s biggest debtor combining together with the world’s biggest creditor. Much can be achieved when such an organization is there unlike when an association of countries is towards the betterment of each other’s lives and promotion of employment. Common interests are able to be arrived at through such cooperation, for example, the action of Washington backing of on the issue of human rights. Shifting the focus on the European union, their relationship is what can be termed as â€Å"promoting fairness and caring society† as it is not as strong, since there exists a common market, and the market is endowed with almost uniform products (Goldfarb 2009). The inability to handle the competition is also another reason behind the European Union facing the threat of controlling the global economy. According to (Kahn) 2008, the European Union was unaware of the threat of new economies emerging, especially in India and China and was still falling behind United States’ economy. The fact that European Union is unable to handle the high competition discredits them of the control they have in the world economy. The reasoning behind this, to be in control of any market or economy is because it is important to that competitive edge, to ensure that you do not lose to the other firms. If this is put in practice in this scenario, and the market being the global economy, the European Union would surely lose. The fact that they do not even know of the emerging powers is also a minus to their control of the global market (Garrett 2009). Finally, the inclusion of the European Union to one of these bodies is also an indicator of the threat that the European is facing from the rise of the new unions. In G20, there are 19 countries and European Union makes the twentieth member of the union. It is always true that when you cannot fight them, the usual solution is usually t o join them. The action by the European Union to join the G20 signifies the same and brings the focus of the strength and the much success that can be achieved when countries of all regions of the world can come together. Though European Union is a strong economic house, it needs other economies outside its scope in its bid to increase its economic influence (Archer 2008). To sum up, we cannot overlook the impact that European Union has had in the global economy, as much has been achieved. Among them has been the creation of a common currency, which has solved the problem of currency barrier as well as betterment of so many people’s lives through the provision of health services, and also fighting of unemployment. However, the problem of the scope has discredited the union. The fact that much of its focus is in Europe is a problem since technology has transpired the economy to be a global one. That is why the union’s competitive edge has been on the downfall, and more globalized oriented unions are offering such a competition that is not able to handle. Diversity always has an upper hand when it is in competition with other competitors who have not embraced it. A â€Å"buyer-seller† relationship is also of importance in ensuring that the relations are beneficial economically. The meaning of this is that there needs to be people who are providing and those who are provided for economically. The G20 and G2 had this in mind, and that is why they are reaping many benefits out of their associations (Jà ¸rgensen 2008). The inclusion of the European Union also is beneficial since the benefits of the G20 union will increase from the benefits accrued from the organization. Therefore, it is clear that the threats offered by both G20 and G2 are too great to be ignored, and that these two unions are in control of the world economy.List of References Archer, C., 2008. The European Union. New York: Taylor Francis . Armijo, L. E., 2002. Debating the g lobal financial architecture. New York: SUNY Press. Baldwin R, S. E., 2009. The Collapse of Global Trade, Murky Protectionism and the Crisis: Recommendations for the G20. London: CEPR. Dizikes, P., 2009, April 29. America+China=New G2. Why progress on climate change hinges on our relationship with just one nation: China. Web. El-Agraa, A. M., 2007. The European Union: economics and policies. London: Cambridge University Press. English J, R. C., 2005. Reforming from the top: a Leaders’ 20 Summit. Hong Kong: United Nations University Press. Garrett, G., 2009. The G2 in the G-20: China, the United States and the World after the Global Financial Crisis. Web. Goldfarb, M., 2009, September 6. G-20 nation profile: European Union. Web. Jà ¸rgensen, K. E., 2009. The European Union and international organizations. New York: Taylor Francis. Kahn, P., 2008. The European Union. New York: Infobase Publishing. Klau, T., 2008. G2 Instead of G20. Financial Times – Deutschland, German y. Web. Tindall, K., 2009. Framing the global economic downturn: crisis rhetoric and the politics of recessions. Canberre: ANU E Press. This essay on G20 and G2 unions versus European Union was written and submitted by user Irvin O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dorian Grey Review essays

Dorian Grey Review essays In the novel The Picture of Dorian Grey homosexuality is an important aspect of the novel, and the book deserves credit as a pioneering depection of homosexual relationships in serious English fiction. The depection of homosexualtity in the book is undoubtedly shaped by Wildes personal ambivalences toward his own sexuality which is found expressed both in idealized love affairs and in liaisions with prostitutes. It is important to stress that the novels primary intrest is literaty rather than biographical, and that Wilde hints at homosexuality rather than expresses it directly. Homosexual readers would certainly have responded to the books under current of gay feeling, and may have found the very name Dorian suggestive of Greek homosexuality, since it was the Dorian tribesman who allegedly intorduced homosexuality into Greece as part of their military regimen. Wilde purposely leaves the exact nature of the sins of Dorian Grey mysterious and vague, suggested but not Wildes attitude toward homosexuality in the novel may best be seen in his portrayal of Basil Hallward. Hallward is the character mast clearly defined as homosexual, and it is significant that he is presented as the most morally sensitive character as well. His love for Dorian seems altogther noble, especially in contrast to the blandishments of Lord Henry, his rival for the young mans affection. In the triangle formed by the competition of the two older men for the attention of the beautiful boy, Basil represents an idealized, platonized homosexuality, linked to a long tradidtion of art and philosophy. Wilde conceives of Basils homosexual love for Dorian as something positive but dangerous, an emotion that inspires guilt and fear: measures , respetively, of the internal and external condemnations brought to bear against homosexuality. In the end it seems that it is Basil homosexual love for Dorian th...

Evaluation of James McNeil Whistler's Crepuscule in Flesh Colour and Essay

Evaluation of James McNeil Whistler's Crepuscule in Flesh Colour and Green - Essay Example This means that a perusal of most of Whistler’s work will reveal little else than an artist’s creative impulses gone wild. Tonalism can be seen as a result of these creative impulses of Whistler. Whistler’s 1866 Crepuscule in Flesh Color and Green: Valparaiso (910 x 1080 x 100 mm painting, oil on canvas, London: Tate, N05065) is perhaps one of the earliest works that reflects the artist’s desire for tonalist attitudes. The painting is the first piece in a large number of similar works that followed at the hands of Whistler. This indicates that the Crepuscule in Flesh Color and Green: Valparaiso (Figure 1) cannot be evaluated in isolation from these other related works because they share similar traits and characteristics that eventually came to define tonalism. Another major thing to take note of is the relative unknown nature of Crepuscule in Flesh Color and Green: Valparaiso as not many treatises on art especially art from the tonalist genres have given it much focus1. However if the period immediately before this painting in Whistler’s life is looked at, it will become very clear that it defines a personal rebellion. In turn this personal rebellion from an already Maverick persona resulted in new nuances being painted into the heart of the world of art. The combination of various rebellious attitudes coupled with a distant past in the military gave birth to the Crepuscule in Flesh Color and Green: Valparaiso and its sister works that were all created in Chile and represented similar militaristic scenarios processed through the lens of an artist’s eyes. The sister pieces of the Crepuscule in Flesh Color and Green: Valparaiso include The Morning after the Revolution: Valparaiso, Nocturne in Blue and Gold: Valparaiso Bay (Figure 3) and the sketch for Nocturne in Blue and Gold: Valparaiso Bay (Figure 4). Whistler possessed an uncanny genius for art from an early age2 and this in turn affected his personal choices on life and career. Being a rebel from the start, Whistler was quick to abandon his career with the military at West Point but this in turn left some unfinished desires with Whistler3. As the rebellion in the Spanish colony of Chile took on the shape of a war, Whistler was attracted to revisit the military based part of his persona. Speculation remains to why Whistler went to Chile – some claim he was looking to satisfy his militarism based impulses from West Point4, others think that Whistler considered the rebellion of the Chileans as heroic5 while recent research suggests that he was selling arms to the Chileans. In any case, Whistler was an artist before he went to Chile and artists generally detest war because of its barbaric conduct. However Whistler still chose to go to Chile. Before this point in time Whistler had been rebelling from an ordinary life in order to achieve his life of artistic desire6. Yet his voyage to Chile reveals that now Whistler was rebelling from his art istic life in order to come to terms with a life where you have to work to make some money. This in turn indicates that Whistler was more or less at war with himself at this point in time and his accounts from the ship he travelled on show a Whistler who is disinterested in life and what happens around him. His personal infighting must have kept him well occupied on his journey from Spain to Chile. His first painting in this series of paintings, Crepuscule in Fle

The Nurse Leader Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Nurse Leader - Assignment Example She is a great leader who is admired and loved by everybody because she inspires and transforms people. Donato-Moore is a Clinical Nurse Manager, who has been practicing nursing for 8 years at the American Nephrology Nurses. In her position she holds a lot of responsibilities in clinical leadership for patients’ healthcare such as design and evaluation of patients. She is also responsible for identification and collection of care outcomes and participates in health risk identification and oversees the diagnosis of patients. She also oversees the evidence-based practices and team leadership, in collaboration with other health teams in the hospital (Raya, 2006). Moreover, she manages information through implementation of sound information systems to improve health care services. She also advocates for patients, communities and health professionals’ welfare. Donato carries out her responsibilities with great competence and professionalism. She is very knowledgeable and efficient in her roles and responsibilities. She gained her experience through years of practice and inter action with patients, in addition to pursing further certification on specialized nursing care, in areas such as pediatric health care, oncology and general health certifications (Negarandeh & Rahnavard, 2011). She is affiliated to major nursing bodies where she occupies influential positions. These include, America Association of Critical-Care Nurses, American Academy of Nursing Practitioners, Gerontological Advanced Practice Nurses Association and Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. As a leader, she is very charismatic and inspirational. She uses the democratic leadership style to influence her staff and motivate them. The style calls for collective decision making where the Leader solicits for subordinates feedback before making decision. Donato always consult her in charges before making decisions especially in areas that

Micronucleus Assay Procedure | Literature Review

Micronucleus Assay Procedure | Literature Review Micronucleus (â€Å"MN) is defined as microscopically visible, round or oval cytoplasmic chromatin mass next to the nucleus. Micronuclei (â€Å"MNi†) originate from aberrant mitoses and consist of eccentric chromosomes, chromatid fragments or whole chromosomes that have failed to be incorporated into the daughter nuclei during mitosis. The MN assay has been widely accepted as an in vitro genotoxicity test and a biomarker assay for genotoxic exposure and effect in humans. In the earlier times, the MN assay used to be carried out on lymphocytes, since 1990s this technique has evolved magnificently to be carried out on buccal cells. As collection of buccal cells require a simple non-invasive cytological smear, MN assay has played a vital role in reviving the application of cytology in the field of diagnostics and research. An attempt has been made to review all the studies carried till date, utilizing micronucleus assay of buccal cells as a novel marker of genotoxicity in head a nd neck region. The literal meaning of the word Micronucleus (MN) describes it as a small nucleus in a large cell, or the smaller nuclei in cells that have two or more such structures. Schmid (1975) defined MN as a microscopically visible, round or oval cytoplasmic chromatin mass next to the nucleus (Fig. 1). MN is the name given to the small extra-nucleus that forms whenever a chromosome or a fragment of a chromosome is not incorporated into one of the daughter nuclei during cell division.1 4 The two basic phenomena responsible for the formation of MNi in mitotic cells are dysfunction of the mitotic apparatus and chromosome breakage (Fig. 2). Micronuclei (MNi) are formed from the whole chromosomes or chromatid fragments that lag behind in anaphase and are separated out from the daughter nuclei in telophase. Additionally, some MNi gets originated from fragments derived from broken anaphase bridges formed due to chromosome rearrangements such as dicentric chromatids, intermingled ring chromosomes or union of sister chromatids.5 – 9 In the course of telophase these chromosomal regions are included in the daughter cells where they can fuse with the main nucleus or can form one or more smaller secondary nuclei.8 This smaller secondary nucleus is known as MN and its number can vary from one to many. Now the MN formed can either go with the daughter nucleus they derive from or the other daughter nucleus. In the former scenario, neither of the daughter cells is aneuploid, and in the latter case the micronucleated cell has gained a chromosome, while its daughter cell has lost it.5 Micronucleus Assay The Micronucleus assay is defined as an investigative procedure carried out to analyze micronuclei quantitatively. It is one of the standard cytogenetic tools implemented to assess micronuclei formation (signifying chromosomal damage) subsequent to exposure to genotoxic/cytotoxic agents.11 In humans, MN assay can be easily employed in lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and exfoliated epithelial cells (e.g. oral, urothelial, nasal) to obtain a measure of genome damage induced in vivo.12 In the earlier times, once-divided cultured cells (mostly peripheral lymphocytes) were considered ideal for expressing MNi and the procedure used was known as cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. In the CBMN assay, once-divided cells are identified by their BN appearance after blocking cytokinesis with cytochalasin-B (Cyt-B).13 In the last three decades, ever since the advent of MN assay on exfoliated cells, the buccal cells have completely replaced the usage of lymphocytes for the obvious reason of non-invasive collection of cells and simpler method for analyzing the MNi. The general genotoxicity results by both the methods of MN analysis are comparable.12 The basal cells in the oral epithelium are the cells which possess the capability of mitosis, the new cells formed gets differentiated and mature as they migrate to the surface finally replacing the cells which are shed. Thus any genetic damage (expressed as MNi formation) instigated in these basal cells is reflected in the exfoliated cells; thus analysis of MNi in these cells can be correlated with the amount of genetic damage. As the oral epithelium acts as the first barrier for the inhalation or ingestion route and approximately 90% of cancers originate from epithelial cells, therefore, these cells represent a favored target site for early genotoxic events induced by carcinogenic agents entering the body via inhalation and ingestion.12 The procedure for MN assay has been summarized in Table 1-3. Through this review, we intend to highlight the application of MN assay on buccal cells by reviewing significant studies from the English literature. We also aim to emphasize the pitfalls associated and the measures to overcome the same. Review of Literature In the early studies from the 1980s, exfoliated buccal mucosa cells were used to evaluate the genotoxic effects of betel nuts and quids and of chewing tobacco. Most studies showed higher MN frequencies at the site within the oral cavity where the quid or tobacco mixture was kept compared to the opposite, control site. The MN assay in buccal cells was also used to study cancerous and precancerous lesions and to monitor the effects of a number of chemopreventive agents. It is notable that the first studies of Stich and Rosin conducted between 1983 and 1984 had higher baseline MN frequencies than subsequent studies. This may have been due to a lack of defined scoring criteria and a relatively small number of scored cells (in some cases less than 500). Since then, published biomonitoring studies using the MN assay in buccal mucosa cells have investigated the effects of multiple factors including environmental and occupational exposures, radiotherapy, chemoprevention, vitamin supplementat ion trials, lifestyle habits, cancer, and other diseases.12 Micronuclei as a novel biomarker Occupational and environmental exposures In the last 15–20 years the MN assay has been applied to evaluate chromosomal damage for biological monitoring of human populations exposed to a variety of mutagenic and carcinogenic chemical or physical agents. Significantly higher frequencies of MN have also been observed in exfoliated buccal cells from people exposed to organic solvents, antineoplastic agents, diesel derivatives, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, lead-containing paints and solvents, and drinking water contaminated with arsenic.12, 18-20 MN and radiation Ionizing radiation plays an important role in the treatment of many neoplasias, but it also produces genetic damage. As a consequence, secondary tumors may develop years after the primary tumor treatment. Several studies evaluated MNi in buccal cells of patients undergoing radiotherapy in the head and neck region. The most striking increase in cytogenetic damage (150– 300 MN/1000 cells) was observed in an early study of three patients exposed to a cumulative dose of 3400–4000 cGy.12 MN frequencies in buccal cells of patients with some specific diseases A site-specificity was observed for Xeroderma pigmentosum patients, with a higher MN frequency in cells from the dorsal tip of tongue, possibly due to greater light exposure. Down syndrome was associated with a 733% increase in MNi in comparison to younger healthy controls, and the MN frequency was 78.5% higher than in older controls. An increase in MN frequency in buccal cells was reported for Diabetes mellitus with the patients having double the level of genetic damage in comparison to matched controls and for treated pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis in comparison with controls or children with Crohn’s disease.12 Findings of the study carried out at Genetics Research Unit, National Council Research Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italy supported the hypothesis that CBMN assay may provide an useful tool for screening of the obesity and metabolic syndrome and its progression to diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adults as well in children.21 Results of the stud y carried out in Mexico demonstrated a strong association between HPV type infection and MN frequency.22 Lifestyle and Host Factors Lifestyle factors that are associated with genetic damage include smoking, alcohol consumption, and diet, especially vitamin deficiencies and supplementation. The majority of the studies reporting a significant increase in MN in buccal mucosa cells related to a risk of oral cancer were performed in subgroups of subjects with specific lifestyle habits, i.e. chewers of betel quids (areca nut, betel leaves, slaked lime and tobacco) from India, Taiwan and Philippines; reverse smokers (who hold the lit end of the cigarette inside their mouths) from India and Philippines; snuff dippers from Canada; users of Khaini tobacco (tobacco mixed with slaked lime) from India, and other similar practices.12 The HUMN project is an effective vehicle for the development and implementation of an international collaborative validation effort to bring together the various buccal MN databases, and to identify and quantify the key variables affecting this biomarker.12 EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY AND MICRONUCLEI RELATED STUDIES Studies in relation to Oral Cancer Potentially Malignant Lesions: Biomonitoring of the changes in patients with diagnosed diseases or pathological changes that may lead to the development of cancer and other illnesses is becoming increasingly popular, and may be the most rapidly growing area of application of the MN assay to epithelial cells.12 A study carried out in France, in the year 1987, found out a baseline of 1.30 Micronucleated cells/1000 Cells in patients with carcinoma of upper digestive tract, using Feulgen Stain.12 A revised protocol for the exfoliated cell micronucleus assay was field-tested in a population exposed to a genotoxic agent, snuff, at levels associated with a significant increase in cancer risk in North Carolina. The assay was revised to increase specificity and to include separate scoring of other nuclear anomalies associated with cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The prevalence of micronucleation was elevated in the snuff users as compared with the nonusers (prevalence ratio = 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.1–5.2) and, to a lesser extent, at the usual contact site as compared with a distal buccal site in the snuff users (prevalence ratio = 1.5, 95% confidence interval 0.9–2.5).23 In a study carried out in India, frequencies of micronucleated cells (MNCs) were analyzed in the exfoliated buccal mucosa of normal healthy individuals from different parts of India who were regularly using either areca nut alone, mava, tamol, tobacco with lime, dry snuff or masheri. The analyses were also carried out among oral submucous fibrosis patients who had the habit of chewing either mava or areca nut. Compared with no habit healthy individuals, all the groups, irrespective of their type of habit, had significantly higher frequencies of MNCs.24 A study carried out in Texas, using Feulgen stain, found out an increase in Micronuclei frequency at the site of lesion in Leukoplakia, which got decreased after the administration of ÃŽ ± – tocopherol. 25 A study done in India in year 1996, found out an increased micronuclei count in oral exfoliated cells of patients suffering from Leukoplakia, Lichen Planus and Oral Submucous Fibrosis, using Giemsa stain. A baseline of 1.9 Micronucleated cells/1000 cells was found in each of the lesions as compared to normal subjects.12 A study done in Germany in year 2000, found out a baseline of 9.0 Micronucleated cell/1000 cells each in patients suffering from Squamous Cell Carcinoma of upper digestive tract and Leukoplakia, using Giemsa stain.12 A study done in Brazil in the year 2002 found out a baseline of 1.13 Micronucleated cell/1000 cells in patients diagnosed with oral cancer, using Feulgen stain.12 In another study carried out in West Bengal, India, 50 patients with precancerous o r malignant oral epithelial lesions were compared with 50 age and sex matched healthy controls without any oral lesions, using Giemsa stain. The MN frequency was increased in preoperative cancer cases and decreased in postoperative cases, while in pre-cancerous cases it was higher than in the controls.26 A group of researchers from Italy, studied Micronuclei and p53 accumulations in preneoplastic and malignant lesions of head and neck and concluded that both these biomarkers were found in precancerous lesions, suggesting that they are early event in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression. The two biomarkers were not related to each other, indeed micronuclei frequency was found out to be higher in p53 -negative than in p53 – positive cells.27 Another study done in India, in year 2007, found out a baseline of 1.6 Micronucleated cell/1000 cells each in patients diagnosed with Oral Cancer and pre malignant lesions of the oral cavity, using Giemsa stain.1 In an infield study carried out on smokers in Egypt, Papanicolaou (PAP) stain was compared with May Grunwald Giemsa (MGG) for staining of micronuclei in exfoliated buccal cells. Researchers found out that PAP stain was faster and easier to process and transport in the field study than was MGG stain. Regarding MGG smears, bacteria and cell debris masked the MN as compared to PAP smears, in which the fixative destroyed the bacteria and made the cell boundaries clearly demarcated. Using PAP stain, MN were seen easily in transparent cytoplasm. Finally they concluded that PAP stain is the preferred method infield studies for scoring and detecting MN in cells of buccal mucosa.28 A study carried out in JIPMER, Pondicherry, India screened 25 patients in varying stages of squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity and 25 patients with premalignant lesions for the presence of Micronuclei in the epithelial scrapings obtained from the site of the lesion. Highest Micronucleus Index was found in carcinoma and erythroplakia among the premalignant lesions, using the MayGrunwald Giemsa and Giemsa stain.3 In a study carried out in Thailand on patients with Oral Lichen Planus(OLP), it was found out that the frequency of Micronucleated Epithelial Cells(MEC) in OLP patients was 3.79% and 0.37% in the lesions and normal-appearing mucosa, respectively. Using a paired t-test, it was found that the MEC frequency in the OLP lesions was significantly elevated (p 29 In another study carried out in India, Micronucleus frequencies in oral exfoliated cells stained with Papanicolaou stain were counted and correlated with the histopathological grades and clinical stages of squamous cell c arcinoma patients. They were also compared with the healthy control subjects. Micronuclei (MN) frequencies were found higher in squamous cell carcinoma patients than in control subjects. MN frequencies were also found to be raised with increasing histological grades of squamous cell carcinoma.30 Grover et al observed a significantly raised micronuclei count in potentially malignant disorders like Leukoplakia, Lichen planus and OSMF, when compared to normal healthy mucosa.31 In another study, Grover et al applied Hematoxylin Eosin stain, the most commonly used stain for histopathological examination, for staining the cytosmears and found statistically significant results.32 Studies not in relation to Potentially Malignant Lesions: The micronucleus test was applied to exfoliated cells of the buccal mucosa of four population groups: (A) non-smokers and non-drinkers of alcoholic beverages, (B) non-smokers but alcohol drinkers, (C) smokers but non-drinkers, and (D) smokers and drinkers. An elevated frequency of micronucleated buccal mucosa cells was observed only in group D (smokers and alcohol drinkers). Neither smoking alone of up to and over 60 cigarettes per day nor ethanol drinking alone of up to 1.21 per day led to a detectable elevation of micronucleated buccal mucosa cells.33A study carried out in Amsterdam, Netherlands in an attempt to define a standardized protocol for counting micronuclei to assess the genotoxic damage in human exfoliated cells, concluded that atleast 10,000 exfoliated cells should be screened to monitor a significant reduction of 50% in the number of micronuclei (for a patient with an initial frequency in the micronuclei frequency range given). Since it takes ~7 h to evaluate this numb er of cells, it was also concluded that counting of micronuclei requires automation.2 A structured literature review done on smoking and smokeless tobacco associated changes concluded that the assay used most frequently for tobacco-associated buccal cell changes was the micronucleus assay. The biological significance of the micronuclei in buccal cells of the oral mucosa is that the micronuclei are a manifestation of a readily identifiable clastogenic event that, has been associated with smoke and smokeless tobacco.34 A study carried out on Gas Station Attendants in Brazil, found out an increased Micronuclei frequency in exfoliated buccal cells of the exposed as compared to the controls, using Feulgen stain.35 A group of researchers from West Bengal, India, in an attempt to study the genotoxic effects of combustion fumes on targeted sites carried out Micronucleus assay using Feulgen stain in buccal epithelial cells of 47 firefighters and they found a 3 fold increase in Micronuclei fr equency as compared to the controls.36 To study the effects of occupational exposure to petroleum derivatives such as benzene, exfoliated buccal cells from 50 petrol station attendants and 50 age- and sex-matched control subjects were examined for micronucleus (MN) frequency by a group of researchers in Turkey. Frequencies of nuclear abnormalities (NA) other than micronuclei, such as binucleates, karyorrhexis and karyolysis, were also evaluated, using Feulgen stain. Analysis of buccal cells revealed that MN and NA frequencies in petrol station workers were significantly higher than in control subjects (P P 37 Another study in Brazil was carried out to comparatively evaluate the DNA damage (micronucleus) and cellular death (pyknosis, karyolysis and karyorrhexis) of exfoliated buccal mucosa cells from children and adults following dental X-ray exposure. The results indicated no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in childrens as well as in adult’s micronucleated oral mucosa cells before and after dental X-ray exposure.38 In a study conducted in Europe, a total of 239 agricultural workers and 231 unexposed controls were examined for cytogenetic effects in lymphocytes of peripheral blood and exfoliated cells of the oral mucosa. The frequency of micronuclei (MN) was evaluated in both cell types and their relationship to different confounding factors (e.g. sex, country, smoking habit, etc.) was determined, using Giemsa stain. The results obtained indicated that there are no increases in MN frequencies in the agricultural workers when compared with the controls for either lym phocytes or buccal cells.39 Conclusion MN formation is generally considered as a manifestation of genetic damage or chromosomal breakage. Many investigators already and unequivocally have called MN as an upcoming marker of tumorogenesis. MN is thus a potential biomarker to screen genotoxicity, biomonitoring of various diseases, detection of malignancies and preneoplastic conditions and also a lot of other diseases. Since MN is a manifestation of day to day exposure to environmental pollutants, infections, nutrition, radiation, foods, and the genetic make-up or ethnicity which again varies around the globe. So there must be an upper limit of the base-line MN frequency only beyond which we can label it as increased MN frequency.

Macbeth is Solely to Blame for his Demise :: William Shakespeare

The play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, is a tragedy of the rise and fall of a power-hungry solider named Macbeth. Macbeth's gluttony, pride, and ambitions led him to turn into an unstable, callous man who would stop at nothing just to gain power. His greed to achieve more power resulted in the merciless killings of his king, best friend, and other innocent citizens. Eventually, the guilt of the deeds he was committing manifested itself in the form of hallucinations which contributed to the downfall of his supremacy. With him being weak enough to succumb to his wife's thirst of power, and being the one to physically kill Duncan, which makes him solely responsible for the chain of disarray that unfolded throughout the play. At first, Macbeth is introduced as a courageous, valiant soldier, who does so well fighting in war that he is honored with the title of the Thane of Glamis by King Duncan. On his way home, Macbeth encounters three witches who tell him that he will become king. It is at this point that he first considers murdering Duncan so that the prophecy can be fulfilled ?My thoughts, whose murder yet is but fantastical? (I,2,151). This thought was the beginning of a chain of events that would soon lead to his demise. Although he does reconsider murder and decides to leave his future to chance, until, of course, his wife convinces him otherwise. When Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth about how will become king he just adds to her overly ambitious attitude so much to the point that she convinces him to go murder. If he had not told her and just put himself in the hands of fate, it?s possible that Macbeth still would have become king without causing the death of the people who cared for him. It is arguable that Lady Macbeth could be the one to blame for the outcome of the play because she persuades Macbeth to murder Duncan, but it was not her who gave Macbeth the daggers, she didn?t lay a hand on Duncan. Moreover, it was Macbeth who killed the guards that he and Lady Macbeth planned to accuse of the murder. The fact of the matter is Macbeth had the free will to choose to avoid everything he got himself into. After the killing of Duncan, Macbeth is becomes king, but his mind wrought with guilt which causes uneasiness and hallucinations.

Mini Marketing Plan Essay

Introduction Marketing Plans work when they are based on unique, meaningful marketing strategies that focus on the current needs and desires of a target customer. Ten Steps to Marketing Success 1. Finding your niche —-Market Segmentation/Unserved or Underserved customers —-Size, Usage, Benefits, Lifestyles, Occupation, Distribution Channels, Geography, Income, Social Class, Personality, Age, Family size, etc. (Examples-Demographics, Market Surveys, etc.). 2. Becoming better than your competition —-Customers have choices. In order to become better than your competition, you must know the competition. You can respond to a competitive advantage by creating another equally important advantage for your company. —-Visit competition, telephone competition, use telemarketing, get feedback from your salespersons. —Review RMA, D&B Financial info and other relevant information sources. 3. Develop a strategy —-Focus on creating a marketing strategy and tactics. —-Set marketing objectives and goals. —-Create a strategy to meet these goals. (write a rough marketing plan) 4. Find enough customers —-Advertising, Direct Mail, Mailing lists, trade shows, networking, dealer networks, personal sales calls, etc. 5. Find the right location —-Highly visible location, with sufficient traffic count, if relevant. For retail, who are the other tenants in the center or mall? How close is your closest competitor? What are the demographics of this location? 6. Motivating customers to take action —-Implementation of marketing strategies—utilize marketing mix determined in planning stage of marketing plan. Set targets and goals for sales reps if relevant. 7. Communication Measurement —-Measure effectiveness of marketing mix. Set up tracking mechanism for all sources of revenues. Review regularly and make necessary changes. Change product mix and/or pricing as required. 8. Making the sale —-Nothing matters unless sales are made. Set targets and goals for sales reps, review sales figures each week and review source of sales. Adjust as necessary—quickly! Update products and merchandise regularly. Don’t fall in love with any product—let your customers dictate. —-Compare actual sales vs. projections regularly. 9. Managing the sales force —-Refine sales rep hiring practices. —-Develop solid sales force training, conduct regular sales meetings, and review sales performances monthly. After first year of experience, let sales reps participate in goal setting and sales targets. 10. Marketing Plan —-Use all the above elements to assist in writing a creative, detailed marketing plan. ** Marketers need to re-evaluate their strategy every year to respond to changes in customers and markets.