Micronucleus Assay Procedure | Literature Review

Micronucleus Assay Procedure | Literature Review Micronucleus (â€Å"MN) is defined as microscopically visible, round or oval cytoplasmic chromatin mass next to the nucleus. Micronuclei (â€Å"MNi†) originate from aberrant mitoses and consist of eccentric chromosomes, chromatid fragments or whole chromosomes that have failed to be incorporated into the daughter nuclei during mitosis. The MN assay has been widely accepted as an in vitro genotoxicity test and a biomarker assay for genotoxic exposure and effect in humans. In the earlier times, the MN assay used to be carried out on lymphocytes, since 1990s this technique has evolved magnificently to be carried out on buccal cells. As collection of buccal cells require a simple non-invasive cytological smear, MN assay has played a vital role in reviving the application of cytology in the field of diagnostics and research. An attempt has been made to review all the studies carried till date, utilizing micronucleus assay of buccal cells as a novel marker of genotoxicity in head a nd neck region. The literal meaning of the word Micronucleus (MN) describes it as a small nucleus in a large cell, or the smaller nuclei in cells that have two or more such structures. Schmid (1975) defined MN as a microscopically visible, round or oval cytoplasmic chromatin mass next to the nucleus (Fig. 1). MN is the name given to the small extra-nucleus that forms whenever a chromosome or a fragment of a chromosome is not incorporated into one of the daughter nuclei during cell division.1 4 The two basic phenomena responsible for the formation of MNi in mitotic cells are dysfunction of the mitotic apparatus and chromosome breakage (Fig. 2). Micronuclei (MNi) are formed from the whole chromosomes or chromatid fragments that lag behind in anaphase and are separated out from the daughter nuclei in telophase. Additionally, some MNi gets originated from fragments derived from broken anaphase bridges formed due to chromosome rearrangements such as dicentric chromatids, intermingled ring chromosomes or union of sister chromatids.5 – 9 In the course of telophase these chromosomal regions are included in the daughter cells where they can fuse with the main nucleus or can form one or more smaller secondary nuclei.8 This smaller secondary nucleus is known as MN and its number can vary from one to many. Now the MN formed can either go with the daughter nucleus they derive from or the other daughter nucleus. In the former scenario, neither of the daughter cells is aneuploid, and in the latter case the micronucleated cell has gained a chromosome, while its daughter cell has lost it.5 Micronucleus Assay The Micronucleus assay is defined as an investigative procedure carried out to analyze micronuclei quantitatively. It is one of the standard cytogenetic tools implemented to assess micronuclei formation (signifying chromosomal damage) subsequent to exposure to genotoxic/cytotoxic agents.11 In humans, MN assay can be easily employed in lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and exfoliated epithelial cells (e.g. oral, urothelial, nasal) to obtain a measure of genome damage induced in vivo.12 In the earlier times, once-divided cultured cells (mostly peripheral lymphocytes) were considered ideal for expressing MNi and the procedure used was known as cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. In the CBMN assay, once-divided cells are identified by their BN appearance after blocking cytokinesis with cytochalasin-B (Cyt-B).13 In the last three decades, ever since the advent of MN assay on exfoliated cells, the buccal cells have completely replaced the usage of lymphocytes for the obvious reason of non-invasive collection of cells and simpler method for analyzing the MNi. The general genotoxicity results by both the methods of MN analysis are comparable.12 The basal cells in the oral epithelium are the cells which possess the capability of mitosis, the new cells formed gets differentiated and mature as they migrate to the surface finally replacing the cells which are shed. Thus any genetic damage (expressed as MNi formation) instigated in these basal cells is reflected in the exfoliated cells; thus analysis of MNi in these cells can be correlated with the amount of genetic damage. As the oral epithelium acts as the first barrier for the inhalation or ingestion route and approximately 90% of cancers originate from epithelial cells, therefore, these cells represent a favored target site for early genotoxic events induced by carcinogenic agents entering the body via inhalation and ingestion.12 The procedure for MN assay has been summarized in Table 1-3. Through this review, we intend to highlight the application of MN assay on buccal cells by reviewing significant studies from the English literature. We also aim to emphasize the pitfalls associated and the measures to overcome the same. Review of Literature In the early studies from the 1980s, exfoliated buccal mucosa cells were used to evaluate the genotoxic effects of betel nuts and quids and of chewing tobacco. Most studies showed higher MN frequencies at the site within the oral cavity where the quid or tobacco mixture was kept compared to the opposite, control site. The MN assay in buccal cells was also used to study cancerous and precancerous lesions and to monitor the effects of a number of chemopreventive agents. It is notable that the first studies of Stich and Rosin conducted between 1983 and 1984 had higher baseline MN frequencies than subsequent studies. This may have been due to a lack of defined scoring criteria and a relatively small number of scored cells (in some cases less than 500). Since then, published biomonitoring studies using the MN assay in buccal mucosa cells have investigated the effects of multiple factors including environmental and occupational exposures, radiotherapy, chemoprevention, vitamin supplementat ion trials, lifestyle habits, cancer, and other diseases.12 Micronuclei as a novel biomarker Occupational and environmental exposures In the last 15–20 years the MN assay has been applied to evaluate chromosomal damage for biological monitoring of human populations exposed to a variety of mutagenic and carcinogenic chemical or physical agents. Significantly higher frequencies of MN have also been observed in exfoliated buccal cells from people exposed to organic solvents, antineoplastic agents, diesel derivatives, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, lead-containing paints and solvents, and drinking water contaminated with arsenic.12, 18-20 MN and radiation Ionizing radiation plays an important role in the treatment of many neoplasias, but it also produces genetic damage. As a consequence, secondary tumors may develop years after the primary tumor treatment. Several studies evaluated MNi in buccal cells of patients undergoing radiotherapy in the head and neck region. The most striking increase in cytogenetic damage (150– 300 MN/1000 cells) was observed in an early study of three patients exposed to a cumulative dose of 3400–4000 cGy.12 MN frequencies in buccal cells of patients with some specific diseases A site-specificity was observed for Xeroderma pigmentosum patients, with a higher MN frequency in cells from the dorsal tip of tongue, possibly due to greater light exposure. Down syndrome was associated with a 733% increase in MNi in comparison to younger healthy controls, and the MN frequency was 78.5% higher than in older controls. An increase in MN frequency in buccal cells was reported for Diabetes mellitus with the patients having double the level of genetic damage in comparison to matched controls and for treated pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis in comparison with controls or children with Crohn’s disease.12 Findings of the study carried out at Genetics Research Unit, National Council Research Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italy supported the hypothesis that CBMN assay may provide an useful tool for screening of the obesity and metabolic syndrome and its progression to diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adults as well in children.21 Results of the stud y carried out in Mexico demonstrated a strong association between HPV type infection and MN frequency.22 Lifestyle and Host Factors Lifestyle factors that are associated with genetic damage include smoking, alcohol consumption, and diet, especially vitamin deficiencies and supplementation. The majority of the studies reporting a significant increase in MN in buccal mucosa cells related to a risk of oral cancer were performed in subgroups of subjects with specific lifestyle habits, i.e. chewers of betel quids (areca nut, betel leaves, slaked lime and tobacco) from India, Taiwan and Philippines; reverse smokers (who hold the lit end of the cigarette inside their mouths) from India and Philippines; snuff dippers from Canada; users of Khaini tobacco (tobacco mixed with slaked lime) from India, and other similar practices.12 The HUMN project is an effective vehicle for the development and implementation of an international collaborative validation effort to bring together the various buccal MN databases, and to identify and quantify the key variables affecting this biomarker.12 EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY AND MICRONUCLEI RELATED STUDIES Studies in relation to Oral Cancer Potentially Malignant Lesions: Biomonitoring of the changes in patients with diagnosed diseases or pathological changes that may lead to the development of cancer and other illnesses is becoming increasingly popular, and may be the most rapidly growing area of application of the MN assay to epithelial cells.12 A study carried out in France, in the year 1987, found out a baseline of 1.30 Micronucleated cells/1000 Cells in patients with carcinoma of upper digestive tract, using Feulgen Stain.12 A revised protocol for the exfoliated cell micronucleus assay was field-tested in a population exposed to a genotoxic agent, snuff, at levels associated with a significant increase in cancer risk in North Carolina. The assay was revised to increase specificity and to include separate scoring of other nuclear anomalies associated with cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The prevalence of micronucleation was elevated in the snuff users as compared with the nonusers (prevalence ratio = 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.1–5.2) and, to a lesser extent, at the usual contact site as compared with a distal buccal site in the snuff users (prevalence ratio = 1.5, 95% confidence interval 0.9–2.5).23 In a study carried out in India, frequencies of micronucleated cells (MNCs) were analyzed in the exfoliated buccal mucosa of normal healthy individuals from different parts of India who were regularly using either areca nut alone, mava, tamol, tobacco with lime, dry snuff or masheri. The analyses were also carried out among oral submucous fibrosis patients who had the habit of chewing either mava or areca nut. Compared with no habit healthy individuals, all the groups, irrespective of their type of habit, had significantly higher frequencies of MNCs.24 A study carried out in Texas, using Feulgen stain, found out an increase in Micronuclei frequency at the site of lesion in Leukoplakia, which got decreased after the administration of ÃŽ ± – tocopherol. 25 A study done in India in year 1996, found out an increased micronuclei count in oral exfoliated cells of patients suffering from Leukoplakia, Lichen Planus and Oral Submucous Fibrosis, using Giemsa stain. A baseline of 1.9 Micronucleated cells/1000 cells was found in each of the lesions as compared to normal subjects.12 A study done in Germany in year 2000, found out a baseline of 9.0 Micronucleated cell/1000 cells each in patients suffering from Squamous Cell Carcinoma of upper digestive tract and Leukoplakia, using Giemsa stain.12 A study done in Brazil in the year 2002 found out a baseline of 1.13 Micronucleated cell/1000 cells in patients diagnosed with oral cancer, using Feulgen stain.12 In another study carried out in West Bengal, India, 50 patients with precancerous o r malignant oral epithelial lesions were compared with 50 age and sex matched healthy controls without any oral lesions, using Giemsa stain. The MN frequency was increased in preoperative cancer cases and decreased in postoperative cases, while in pre-cancerous cases it was higher than in the controls.26 A group of researchers from Italy, studied Micronuclei and p53 accumulations in preneoplastic and malignant lesions of head and neck and concluded that both these biomarkers were found in precancerous lesions, suggesting that they are early event in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression. The two biomarkers were not related to each other, indeed micronuclei frequency was found out to be higher in p53 -negative than in p53 – positive cells.27 Another study done in India, in year 2007, found out a baseline of 1.6 Micronucleated cell/1000 cells each in patients diagnosed with Oral Cancer and pre malignant lesions of the oral cavity, using Giemsa stain.1 In an infield study carried out on smokers in Egypt, Papanicolaou (PAP) stain was compared with May Grunwald Giemsa (MGG) for staining of micronuclei in exfoliated buccal cells. Researchers found out that PAP stain was faster and easier to process and transport in the field study than was MGG stain. Regarding MGG smears, bacteria and cell debris masked the MN as compared to PAP smears, in which the fixative destroyed the bacteria and made the cell boundaries clearly demarcated. Using PAP stain, MN were seen easily in transparent cytoplasm. Finally they concluded that PAP stain is the preferred method infield studies for scoring and detecting MN in cells of buccal mucosa.28 A study carried out in JIPMER, Pondicherry, India screened 25 patients in varying stages of squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity and 25 patients with premalignant lesions for the presence of Micronuclei in the epithelial scrapings obtained from the site of the lesion. Highest Micronucleus Index was found in carcinoma and erythroplakia among the premalignant lesions, using the MayGrunwald Giemsa and Giemsa stain.3 In a study carried out in Thailand on patients with Oral Lichen Planus(OLP), it was found out that the frequency of Micronucleated Epithelial Cells(MEC) in OLP patients was 3.79% and 0.37% in the lesions and normal-appearing mucosa, respectively. Using a paired t-test, it was found that the MEC frequency in the OLP lesions was significantly elevated (p 29 In another study carried out in India, Micronucleus frequencies in oral exfoliated cells stained with Papanicolaou stain were counted and correlated with the histopathological grades and clinical stages of squamous cell c arcinoma patients. They were also compared with the healthy control subjects. Micronuclei (MN) frequencies were found higher in squamous cell carcinoma patients than in control subjects. MN frequencies were also found to be raised with increasing histological grades of squamous cell carcinoma.30 Grover et al observed a significantly raised micronuclei count in potentially malignant disorders like Leukoplakia, Lichen planus and OSMF, when compared to normal healthy mucosa.31 In another study, Grover et al applied Hematoxylin Eosin stain, the most commonly used stain for histopathological examination, for staining the cytosmears and found statistically significant results.32 Studies not in relation to Potentially Malignant Lesions: The micronucleus test was applied to exfoliated cells of the buccal mucosa of four population groups: (A) non-smokers and non-drinkers of alcoholic beverages, (B) non-smokers but alcohol drinkers, (C) smokers but non-drinkers, and (D) smokers and drinkers. An elevated frequency of micronucleated buccal mucosa cells was observed only in group D (smokers and alcohol drinkers). Neither smoking alone of up to and over 60 cigarettes per day nor ethanol drinking alone of up to 1.21 per day led to a detectable elevation of micronucleated buccal mucosa cells.33A study carried out in Amsterdam, Netherlands in an attempt to define a standardized protocol for counting micronuclei to assess the genotoxic damage in human exfoliated cells, concluded that atleast 10,000 exfoliated cells should be screened to monitor a significant reduction of 50% in the number of micronuclei (for a patient with an initial frequency in the micronuclei frequency range given). Since it takes ~7 h to evaluate this numb er of cells, it was also concluded that counting of micronuclei requires automation.2 A structured literature review done on smoking and smokeless tobacco associated changes concluded that the assay used most frequently for tobacco-associated buccal cell changes was the micronucleus assay. The biological significance of the micronuclei in buccal cells of the oral mucosa is that the micronuclei are a manifestation of a readily identifiable clastogenic event that, has been associated with smoke and smokeless tobacco.34 A study carried out on Gas Station Attendants in Brazil, found out an increased Micronuclei frequency in exfoliated buccal cells of the exposed as compared to the controls, using Feulgen stain.35 A group of researchers from West Bengal, India, in an attempt to study the genotoxic effects of combustion fumes on targeted sites carried out Micronucleus assay using Feulgen stain in buccal epithelial cells of 47 firefighters and they found a 3 fold increase in Micronuclei fr equency as compared to the controls.36 To study the effects of occupational exposure to petroleum derivatives such as benzene, exfoliated buccal cells from 50 petrol station attendants and 50 age- and sex-matched control subjects were examined for micronucleus (MN) frequency by a group of researchers in Turkey. Frequencies of nuclear abnormalities (NA) other than micronuclei, such as binucleates, karyorrhexis and karyolysis, were also evaluated, using Feulgen stain. Analysis of buccal cells revealed that MN and NA frequencies in petrol station workers were significantly higher than in control subjects (P P 37 Another study in Brazil was carried out to comparatively evaluate the DNA damage (micronucleus) and cellular death (pyknosis, karyolysis and karyorrhexis) of exfoliated buccal mucosa cells from children and adults following dental X-ray exposure. The results indicated no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in childrens as well as in adult’s micronucleated oral mucosa cells before and after dental X-ray exposure.38 In a study conducted in Europe, a total of 239 agricultural workers and 231 unexposed controls were examined for cytogenetic effects in lymphocytes of peripheral blood and exfoliated cells of the oral mucosa. The frequency of micronuclei (MN) was evaluated in both cell types and their relationship to different confounding factors (e.g. sex, country, smoking habit, etc.) was determined, using Giemsa stain. The results obtained indicated that there are no increases in MN frequencies in the agricultural workers when compared with the controls for either lym phocytes or buccal cells.39 Conclusion MN formation is generally considered as a manifestation of genetic damage or chromosomal breakage. Many investigators already and unequivocally have called MN as an upcoming marker of tumorogenesis. MN is thus a potential biomarker to screen genotoxicity, biomonitoring of various diseases, detection of malignancies and preneoplastic conditions and also a lot of other diseases. Since MN is a manifestation of day to day exposure to environmental pollutants, infections, nutrition, radiation, foods, and the genetic make-up or ethnicity which again varies around the globe. So there must be an upper limit of the base-line MN frequency only beyond which we can label it as increased MN frequency.

Macbeth is Solely to Blame for his Demise :: William Shakespeare

The play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, is a tragedy of the rise and fall of a power-hungry solider named Macbeth. Macbeth's gluttony, pride, and ambitions led him to turn into an unstable, callous man who would stop at nothing just to gain power. His greed to achieve more power resulted in the merciless killings of his king, best friend, and other innocent citizens. Eventually, the guilt of the deeds he was committing manifested itself in the form of hallucinations which contributed to the downfall of his supremacy. With him being weak enough to succumb to his wife's thirst of power, and being the one to physically kill Duncan, which makes him solely responsible for the chain of disarray that unfolded throughout the play. At first, Macbeth is introduced as a courageous, valiant soldier, who does so well fighting in war that he is honored with the title of the Thane of Glamis by King Duncan. On his way home, Macbeth encounters three witches who tell him that he will become king. It is at this point that he first considers murdering Duncan so that the prophecy can be fulfilled ?My thoughts, whose murder yet is but fantastical? (I,2,151). This thought was the beginning of a chain of events that would soon lead to his demise. Although he does reconsider murder and decides to leave his future to chance, until, of course, his wife convinces him otherwise. When Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth about how will become king he just adds to her overly ambitious attitude so much to the point that she convinces him to go murder. If he had not told her and just put himself in the hands of fate, it?s possible that Macbeth still would have become king without causing the death of the people who cared for him. It is arguable that Lady Macbeth could be the one to blame for the outcome of the play because she persuades Macbeth to murder Duncan, but it was not her who gave Macbeth the daggers, she didn?t lay a hand on Duncan. Moreover, it was Macbeth who killed the guards that he and Lady Macbeth planned to accuse of the murder. The fact of the matter is Macbeth had the free will to choose to avoid everything he got himself into. After the killing of Duncan, Macbeth is becomes king, but his mind wrought with guilt which causes uneasiness and hallucinations.

Mini Marketing Plan Essay

Introduction Marketing Plans work when they are based on unique, meaningful marketing strategies that focus on the current needs and desires of a target customer. Ten Steps to Marketing Success 1. Finding your niche —-Market Segmentation/Unserved or Underserved customers —-Size, Usage, Benefits, Lifestyles, Occupation, Distribution Channels, Geography, Income, Social Class, Personality, Age, Family size, etc. (Examples-Demographics, Market Surveys, etc.). 2. Becoming better than your competition —-Customers have choices. In order to become better than your competition, you must know the competition. You can respond to a competitive advantage by creating another equally important advantage for your company. —-Visit competition, telephone competition, use telemarketing, get feedback from your salespersons. —Review RMA, D&B Financial info and other relevant information sources. 3. Develop a strategy —-Focus on creating a marketing strategy and tactics. —-Set marketing objectives and goals. —-Create a strategy to meet these goals. (write a rough marketing plan) 4. Find enough customers —-Advertising, Direct Mail, Mailing lists, trade shows, networking, dealer networks, personal sales calls, etc. 5. Find the right location —-Highly visible location, with sufficient traffic count, if relevant. For retail, who are the other tenants in the center or mall? How close is your closest competitor? What are the demographics of this location? 6. Motivating customers to take action —-Implementation of marketing strategies—utilize marketing mix determined in planning stage of marketing plan. Set targets and goals for sales reps if relevant. 7. Communication Measurement —-Measure effectiveness of marketing mix. Set up tracking mechanism for all sources of revenues. Review regularly and make necessary changes. Change product mix and/or pricing as required. 8. Making the sale —-Nothing matters unless sales are made. Set targets and goals for sales reps, review sales figures each week and review source of sales. Adjust as necessary—quickly! Update products and merchandise regularly. Don’t fall in love with any product—let your customers dictate. —-Compare actual sales vs. projections regularly. 9. Managing the sales force —-Refine sales rep hiring practices. —-Develop solid sales force training, conduct regular sales meetings, and review sales performances monthly. After first year of experience, let sales reps participate in goal setting and sales targets. 10. Marketing Plan —-Use all the above elements to assist in writing a creative, detailed marketing plan. ** Marketers need to re-evaluate their strategy every year to respond to changes in customers and markets.

Same Sex Marriage And Equal Rights Essay - 2005 Words

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Why The Paralympic Movement And Paralympic Games Really...

Opposite from Hwakins, Cory and Crowe study this article written by Schantz and Gilbert raised a question to whether the Paralympic movement and Paralympic Games really contribute to the emancipation and empowerment of people with disabilities. This article compared the history of Paralympic sports and noted the benefits of sport activities in the improvement of the veteran’s psychological attitudes and social life; however, it also argued that competitions for people with physical disabilities often resembled â€Å"freak† shows rather than serious sporting events. Keeping in mind that a lot of physical active program’s goal is to provide the social isolation and social support for those who feel lesser human beings because of their disabilities. Existing negative perspective of disabled people strongly influence person’s self-confidence in order to get out of yourself and experience the world like the rest of society. The article also compared Olympics a nd Paralympics and exposed dissimilarities of the two events and argued that originally these two worldwide events were supposed to have similar success. The social media coverage issue was also addressed and argued that the Paralympics were often portraying disabled people unrealistically and stereotypically. This article is a great source for my research because it examines existing issues in society that are present in discriminating disabled sport participants. It addresses an issue of how valuable Paralympic evens are if

Buddhism A Spiritual Journey - 1420 Words

Buddhism began with Siddharta Gautama in the 6th century B.C.E., he was originally Hindu but formed Buddhism when he saw the four sights of an old man, a sick man, a dead man, and an amendicant. He feels that was his sign to go for a spiritual journey. He tries Jainism and performs asceticism, extreme fasting. Gautama felt there should be something more than Jainism. After eating, he sits under the Bodhi Tree and becomes enlightened with the idea of Buddhism. The Sutra is the book of teachings for Buddhists like a bible to a Christian. He makes the four noble truths that life involves suffering, suffering is from desire, to end suffering you must end craving, and to end craving you must follow the 8-fold path. The 8-fold path is a way to†¦show more content†¦Since I arrived early, I took a walk around the temple and its ground. The smell of flowers filled the air from the incense they were burning. Incense sticks are burned to release the good smell from the lotus flower to offer the gods and pay respect to the Buddha along with clearing the sky. Buddha statues and lotus flowers were around the entire temple and land. The lotus flower represents purity, spiritual awakening, and faithfulness to the Buddhists. Before entering any part of the holy buildings, you must take your shoes off because shoes have a lot of filth on them, they do not want to make their temple dirty also, and they want to preserve the floors as long as they can. When entering the temple I noticed there were no pews, there were only cushions and small tables lined up. Siddhartha Gautama was in the middle of the stage and was the largest statue, since he is the founder for their religion. Apples were placed in front of him as an offer to tell him how blessed they are for all that they have. Observing the people walking around I noticed that some wore monastic robes of a grayish color and a tan color. Wearing the robes represented the monks promise to live a life without materialistic ways of the society. They choose to live as simple as they can; also the Master and his monk shave their heads to not give into vanity but to remain simple. When the service began, I sat off to the

Relevancy of HRM in any Business Organization Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Critically discuss the extent of FOUR of the Behaviours (Professional Map) are Important for Effective HR Professionals. 2.Evaluate the TWO key differences between the Competencies Identified by Ulrich (2016) and those Identified by the CIPD. Answers: Introduction The aim of this study is to understand the relevancy of human resource management in any business organization. It helps in better understanding of the scope of legal framework, significance of the human resource management in the companies and business organization. There are various types of factors comes under the human resource management that helps in the management of the human asset working in the company. They help in the motivation of the workforce, and also set standards of the motivation (Strohmeier, 2007). There are various types of conflicts present in each and every organization that are also resolved by the human resource department of the companies. In this report, the study of the same will be conducted in a detailed version to learn about the human resource management. The report consist of two question related to the behavior of the human resource management. The human resource manage totally depends on the behavior of the workforce working in the company. They can be like Curious, Decisive Thinker, Skilled Influencer, Personally Credible, Collaborative; Driven to Deliver Courage to Challenge, Role Model, etc. the discussions on this behavior will take place and the theories to manage this behavior (Townsend, and Wilkinson, 2010). 1.The extent of four behaviors of the professional map is very much important to have effective Hr professional. We are totally agreed with the above statement. There are various types of behaviors found in the people like Curious, Decisive Thinker, Skilled Influencer, Personally Credible, Collaborative, and Driven to Deliver Courage to Challenge, Role Model, etc. the behavior of the people are perceived on the basis of these behavior of professional map (Bjrkman, Fey, and Park, 2007). Behavior Definition Curious This type of people are very much focused on their future They are inquisitive an open minded They seek out evolving Innovative They can as value to the organization Decisive thinker They are the people who have the caliber to grab and analyze the information and data in a very lees time They can use information, and insights very properly They are eligible to fine best option using their skills, They can make effective recommendations They can also make robust and defendable decisions Skilled influencer They are the people who are captive in influencing others and make other to make commitments They support the company form the diverse stakeholders so that the organizational values can be achieved (Aguinis, and Pierce, 2008). Personally credible They are very professional as they combine all the commercial and HR expertise so that they can bring value to the organization, value, stakeholders, peers, etc. collaborative They work very effectively They are inclusive of range of people They manage both internal and external people. Driven to deliver They can demonstrate determination Resourcefulness They can also deliver purpose to deliver the best output to the company Courage to challenge They are the most courageous and confident people They can speak up and inform of many people Highly skills Challenge others They manage to work in unfavourable and unfamiliar circumstances Role model They set example in the company They cats with integrity Independent and impartial Balance the personal and the other legal parameter in the company. The Hr map help in professional development and also to make future plans for the team. They help in making strategy for the human resource preset in the business organization (Janssens, and Steyaert, 2009). There are basically four bands in the professional competence that are mentioned in this professional map. These four bands show the entire behaviour, professional areas and competencies (Stahl, Bjrkman, and Morris, 2012). There are key areas for each of the band present in the Hr profession map that is Relationship with the clients and customers Focus on the activity Where the time has spent The services offered to the clients Results and measurement (Lujan, Ramirez, Cantu, 2007) Band 1 Band 2 Band 3 Band 4 Relationship with the clients and customers The aim is to deliver the fundamental they are the adviser and lead the issues and problems They are the consultant, cooperatives and also the partners They are the leadership colleagues, clients, confident, and coach Focus on the activity They help in the client support They los help in the processing activities that are immediate and ongoing in nature They try to understand the issues and also the parameters of issues, analyze the situation, evaluate the situation, and find out the likely consequences They are the leading team in the professional areas, they also address the HR challenges as the organizational level, they make a medium and longer term focus on the activities They lead the functional and professional areas, they also lead the organization, they try to develop the policies and strategies of the company, Hr strategy, and partnership with the clients Where the time has spent They help in providing the information, manage the data and information, process , and then delivery They try to handle the issues and problems They try to make flexible and give recommendations for the same. They try to understand the functional and business realities They provide insight and linkages Flexible and innovative solutions, risk analyses. They try to understand the organizational and industry relatives and client need and develop strategies and plans The services offered to the clients They provide facts and information Delivering of fundamentals Process support Peace of mind Ideas Insights Challenges Solutions recommendations Ideas, insights and challenges And provide solutions They take safe decisions and manage the issues Results and measurement Execution of the excellence, efficiency, accuracy, flexibility, and silent running of the business organization Issues and problems And satisfactory solutions They also repeat the business activates They are the trusted partners and set the leadership table Lead the team, sort out the queries of clients, and manage the performance 2.The competences frameworks are the ways that make the clarity in the expectations of the performance and they have the caliber to set a clear link in the organizational performance and individual performance. The aim of developing and implementing the competency is to be balances. It has to be take care that there must be flexibility and avoiding of non- inclusive approach and overall perspective (Janssens, and Steyaert, 2009). The difference between the two competencies help in development of nature of the both competency and their frameworks in the theory and practical way (Latham, 2007). The CIPD research helps in exploring the past ad also the current scenario of the competency frame work. It also highlights the strengths and weakness of the company. The competency approach provides and offers guidelines that helps in the effective development and implementation of the frameworks related to the competency (Brink, Fruytier, and Thunnissen, 2013). The two key differences between the competencies that are identifies by the Ulrich and CIPD are that the Ulrich model is little rigid as compared to the CIPD competency model. There are six major competencies of Ulrich model while there are behaviors in the CIPD competencies. The Ulrich competencies Ulrich believes in the Hr talent and management according to which the Hr professionals play a vital role in the overall effectiveness of the company and its performance (Dent, and Whitehead, 2013). The competencies of Ulrich were given by Dave Ulrich in which 6 key competencies are there for the success of the human resource department- Strategic positioners who understand evolving business contexts and bring effectiveness of the company Credible activists who can build the relationships of the trust as they have te capability to bring effective output in the company Capability builder who can define create and audit the capabilities of organizations. It helps in the effective and efficient management of the human resource present in the company. Change champions who can make changes and take initiative and also sustain changes in the company. They take safe decisions and manage the issues Hr innovators and integrators who always try to look forward and to the new ways to do Hr practices Technology proponent who can use technology for the effectives and efficiency to connect the employees. They are the leading team in the professional areas, they also address the HR challenges as the organizational level, they make a medium and longer term focus on the activities. The CIPD professional map The CIPD professional map helps in captures the behavior and knowledge that human resource management requires to demonstrate. It helps to meet the requirement and needs of the professional membership (Latham, 2012). The professional maps helps in defining the building block related to the effective people and the management practice out of all the behaviors that help in eight fundamental behaviors that help to underpin the practice. The map is flexible in nature so the decision can be take place according to the chosen area. The Hr map help in professional development and also to make future plans for the team. They help in making strategy for the human resource preset in the business organization (DeNisi, Wilson, and Biteman, 2014). There are basically four bands in the professional competence that are mentioned in this professional map. These four bands show the entire behaviour, professional areas and compentencies. The various types of part of CIPD professional map are Professional area The professional map is related to the need that is required to be done. It is the activities, knowledge related to the HR professional that are related to the four bands of the professional competence The core of the professional map that is the foundation and base of the Hr capabilities that works regardless of any location, stage, role, etc. (Sandberg, and Alvesson, 2011) Behaviors There are various types of behaviors that are describing gin the detail that help the Hr professionals to describe and define the people working in the organization (Greenwood, 2013). Bands and the transitions There are basically four bands that help to provide a clear focus and pathway to the development panning and activities (Pio, 2007). Conclusion It can be concluded that HRM theories are very effective and relevant. They help in making strategies and policies of the Human resource management of the company. They provide significant knowledge about the nature and behavior of the people who are working in the business organization. There are lots of issues and challenges faced by the HR professionals due to the changes in the nature and behavior of the employees working t in the business organization. The theories of HR and professional ma help in identifying the behavior of the same and ten making polices accordingly. The report consisted of two question related to the behavior of the human resource management. The human resource manage totally depends on the behavior of the workforce working in the company. They can be like Curious, Decisive Thinker, Skilled Influencer, Personally Credible, Collaborative; Driven to Deliver Courage to Challenge, Role Model, etc. the discussions on this behavior will take place and the theories to manage these behaviors. There is an emergence to study the CIPD theories and professional map competencies to have effective management for the Hr professional related to the other employees working in the company. It also helps in the personal management of the company workforce. 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