G20 and G2 unions versus European Union

In 1993, 27 European countries came together to form a union that was aimed at increasing trade between them. The signing of the various treaties necessary for cooperation of these countries saw the birth of one of the biggest economic powerhouses. The fact that the union has a great organization and a parliament that controls its operation has seen it having a great impact on the global economy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on G20 and G2 unions versus European Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The same has been duplicated in the political arena as the union has one of best-controlled economies in the world. The union has also controlled the commercial activities of these countries, and it is a big contributor to the commercial activities in the world. However, in the recent years the going for this union has not been in its best of the forms (Kahn 2008). Global economic crises have had a great influence at it and have caused some of the members to join hands to form other unions in an aim of fighting the arising crises. The resultant of this is the formation of two unions, the G20 and the G2, both with an aim of fighting the global crises. The aim of this essay is to try to find out whether the formation of these unions poses a threat on European Union. Arguments in the essay will be aimed at deriving a wide range of information of the effects the new unions has on the global economy, as well as European Union. Facts about the activities of these unions will be revealed and the effect they have on the European Union will also be accessed. A conclusive conclusion will be arrived at that seeks to show whether the European Union is facing any threats from the new emerging unions. The G20 union is an organization of 19 countries and 1 union with an aim of bringing together the industrialized countries with the emerging markets. Dialogue is a valued asset of this organization as it bids to solve the problem of global economic crises. On the other hand, G2 is an informal association between two countries that is United States and china to promote a bilateral relationship between them (Dizikes 2009). To start with, the global financial crisis that has been experienced in the recent years is a globalized affair. By this, I mean that it needs a combination of different countries of the world to solve it, and the G20 and G2 offer this solution as they incorporate members from different regions of the world.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Members range from Asia, America, Europe, Africa, and even Australia. Since not all economies of the world were involved in the decline of the economies, incorporating all of them means that the countries can share the resources left out by the crisis. On the other hand, the European Union is a combination of countries in Eur ope, the lack of diversity with other countries of the work means that very little can be shared globally since all the countries have almost identical economies (El-Agraa 2007). The resultant of this is that the accomplishments by the G20 and the G2 are more than the ones brought by the European Union. In other words, the threat from the new emerging unions is great to the European Union. Taking an example of G20, they have incorporated an association of industrial powers and emerging markets, and they encourage dialogue between the member states. Through this, the problem that existed of emerging markets failure to be included in the global economy discussion was solved. In addition, the global international architecture has been strengthened, as well as growth and development around the globe. The various meetings held between the members have shown a great improvement in the globe, especially when it comes to the emerging markets. The results from this association are tremendous , as the member countries have control of about 90% of the world’s global national product, as well as 80% of the world’s trading activities. Also, notable is the fact that about sixty six percent of the world population is involved in this association. The influence and the legitimacy of the G20 can be attributed to the broad representation as well as the economic weight it carries. The influence it has on the world is undeniably the biggest ever. Clearly, the heights reached by the G20 union is one to reckon with, the transformation of the global economy and financial systems is the highest to be attained in the recent years. This is surely a scare to existing unions since none of them has enjoyed such. The threats to this union is therefore there and one of biggest around (Tindall 2009). Another reason that the European Union should feel threatened by the new unions especially the G20 is the changes these unions have caused to the global economy. Financial regulatio ns have increased in scope, as well as the strengthening of prudential regulations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on G20 and G2 unions versus European Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Policy coordination has also been enhanced through the creation of a framework aimed at ensuring that there is macro-economic cooperation between the members of the union (Baldwin 2009). Finally, the influence of the G20 union also has the eyes of international monetary fund (IMF) and the World Bank, and they have reformed towards improving global governance and putting to account the needs of the emerging developing countries. The truth of the matter is the world has encountered many changes that have transformed it to a global economy, therefore, this is enough proof that the regional economic blocks are being overtook by this development and they risk losing their place to more globalized unions (Armijo 2002). Again, this s hould put a scare on the European Union, which is a regional economic block only operating in Europe. The scope covered by the new unions also poses a risk to the European Union. The meaning of this is that the unions have taken an initiative far beyond the economic strengthening, and have taken social responsibility. A good example is G2 association between United States and China. Beyond their economic relations, they have established a mechanism to fight against global pollution. China and United States are the biggest polluters of the environment due to emitting from the production companies. The bilateral relationship is aimed at the worldwide good where we have the world being saved from such problems as global warming. Through such measures like speedy research, both these countries have expounded their relationship beyond the normal economic level. The cooperation has seen this knowledge or implementation of the same extended to most parts of the world to ensure that the glo bal environment has been kept safe for each and every one living in it. The other beneficially to this cooperation is other Asian societies who have enjoyed photovoltaic cells, which have been produced through solar and wind power by china. However, the G2 union cannot just be seen as a replacement of the G20 union, but rather a facilitator to this union, especially in the economic terms (Klau 2008). The European Union has its part, which it has contributed in fighting the climatic changes due to pollution of the environment. However, the scope it covers is allowed in Europe. This is where there is the need to incorporate a more globalized system of solving the problem since climate change does not know geographical boundaries. Unification ensures the good of all, and is one important aspect in ensuring the success of an organized institution. The fact that most of the policies are set out by the individual countries rather than the European Union also creates partial division. Usag e of such ways on policing is like have a constitution and another body that has laws that has powers over it.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is a need to develop policies that are agreed upon by all the members or even a greater majority like what is happening in the new unions being formed. Having policies that are agreed upon ensures that there are less number of people who fail to follow them as they are universally binding. Lack of unifying policies also means lesser interaction, especially when it comes to technology as experience by the countries that are not in the golden triangle (English 2005). No wonder growth is being experienced more in this area. The creation of unions like the G20 ensures that promotion of growth is all around the world with views of the member states inclusive irrespective of their economic capability. In any market, there needs to be a seller and subsequently an able buyer. The two emerging unions offer this description in their operation, that is, the industrial able nations are cooperating with the emerging markets of countries that are not so developed in a healthy cohesive relat ion. The example of the G2 has the same, as it sees a relationship between the world’s biggest debtor combining together with the world’s biggest creditor. Much can be achieved when such an organization is there unlike when an association of countries is towards the betterment of each other’s lives and promotion of employment. Common interests are able to be arrived at through such cooperation, for example, the action of Washington backing of on the issue of human rights. Shifting the focus on the European union, their relationship is what can be termed as â€Å"promoting fairness and caring society† as it is not as strong, since there exists a common market, and the market is endowed with almost uniform products (Goldfarb 2009). The inability to handle the competition is also another reason behind the European Union facing the threat of controlling the global economy. According to (Kahn) 2008, the European Union was unaware of the threat of new economies emerging, especially in India and China and was still falling behind United States’ economy. The fact that European Union is unable to handle the high competition discredits them of the control they have in the world economy. The reasoning behind this, to be in control of any market or economy is because it is important to that competitive edge, to ensure that you do not lose to the other firms. If this is put in practice in this scenario, and the market being the global economy, the European Union would surely lose. The fact that they do not even know of the emerging powers is also a minus to their control of the global market (Garrett 2009). Finally, the inclusion of the European Union to one of these bodies is also an indicator of the threat that the European is facing from the rise of the new unions. In G20, there are 19 countries and European Union makes the twentieth member of the union. It is always true that when you cannot fight them, the usual solution is usually t o join them. The action by the European Union to join the G20 signifies the same and brings the focus of the strength and the much success that can be achieved when countries of all regions of the world can come together. Though European Union is a strong economic house, it needs other economies outside its scope in its bid to increase its economic influence (Archer 2008). To sum up, we cannot overlook the impact that European Union has had in the global economy, as much has been achieved. Among them has been the creation of a common currency, which has solved the problem of currency barrier as well as betterment of so many people’s lives through the provision of health services, and also fighting of unemployment. However, the problem of the scope has discredited the union. The fact that much of its focus is in Europe is a problem since technology has transpired the economy to be a global one. That is why the union’s competitive edge has been on the downfall, and more globalized oriented unions are offering such a competition that is not able to handle. Diversity always has an upper hand when it is in competition with other competitors who have not embraced it. A â€Å"buyer-seller† relationship is also of importance in ensuring that the relations are beneficial economically. The meaning of this is that there needs to be people who are providing and those who are provided for economically. The G20 and G2 had this in mind, and that is why they are reaping many benefits out of their associations (Jà ¸rgensen 2008). The inclusion of the European Union also is beneficial since the benefits of the G20 union will increase from the benefits accrued from the organization. Therefore, it is clear that the threats offered by both G20 and G2 are too great to be ignored, and that these two unions are in control of the world economy.List of References Archer, C., 2008. The European Union. New York: Taylor Francis . Armijo, L. E., 2002. Debating the g lobal financial architecture. New York: SUNY Press. Baldwin R, S. E., 2009. The Collapse of Global Trade, Murky Protectionism and the Crisis: Recommendations for the G20. London: CEPR. Dizikes, P., 2009, April 29. America+China=New G2. Why progress on climate change hinges on our relationship with just one nation: China. Web. El-Agraa, A. M., 2007. The European Union: economics and policies. London: Cambridge University Press. English J, R. C., 2005. Reforming from the top: a Leaders’ 20 Summit. Hong Kong: United Nations University Press. Garrett, G., 2009. The G2 in the G-20: China, the United States and the World after the Global Financial Crisis. Web. Goldfarb, M., 2009, September 6. G-20 nation profile: European Union. Web. Jà ¸rgensen, K. E., 2009. The European Union and international organizations. New York: Taylor Francis. Kahn, P., 2008. The European Union. New York: Infobase Publishing. Klau, T., 2008. G2 Instead of G20. Financial Times – Deutschland, German y. Web. Tindall, K., 2009. Framing the global economic downturn: crisis rhetoric and the politics of recessions. Canberre: ANU E Press. This essay on G20 and G2 unions versus European Union was written and submitted by user Irvin O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dorian Grey Review essays

Dorian Grey Review essays In the novel The Picture of Dorian Grey homosexuality is an important aspect of the novel, and the book deserves credit as a pioneering depection of homosexual relationships in serious English fiction. The depection of homosexualtity in the book is undoubtedly shaped by Wildes personal ambivalences toward his own sexuality which is found expressed both in idealized love affairs and in liaisions with prostitutes. It is important to stress that the novels primary intrest is literaty rather than biographical, and that Wilde hints at homosexuality rather than expresses it directly. Homosexual readers would certainly have responded to the books under current of gay feeling, and may have found the very name Dorian suggestive of Greek homosexuality, since it was the Dorian tribesman who allegedly intorduced homosexuality into Greece as part of their military regimen. Wilde purposely leaves the exact nature of the sins of Dorian Grey mysterious and vague, suggested but not Wildes attitude toward homosexuality in the novel may best be seen in his portrayal of Basil Hallward. Hallward is the character mast clearly defined as homosexual, and it is significant that he is presented as the most morally sensitive character as well. His love for Dorian seems altogther noble, especially in contrast to the blandishments of Lord Henry, his rival for the young mans affection. In the triangle formed by the competition of the two older men for the attention of the beautiful boy, Basil represents an idealized, platonized homosexuality, linked to a long tradidtion of art and philosophy. Wilde conceives of Basils homosexual love for Dorian as something positive but dangerous, an emotion that inspires guilt and fear: measures , respetively, of the internal and external condemnations brought to bear against homosexuality. In the end it seems that it is Basil homosexual love for Dorian th...

Evaluation of James McNeil Whistler's Crepuscule in Flesh Colour and Essay

Evaluation of James McNeil Whistler's Crepuscule in Flesh Colour and Green - Essay Example This means that a perusal of most of Whistler’s work will reveal little else than an artist’s creative impulses gone wild. Tonalism can be seen as a result of these creative impulses of Whistler. Whistler’s 1866 Crepuscule in Flesh Color and Green: Valparaiso (910 x 1080 x 100 mm painting, oil on canvas, London: Tate, N05065) is perhaps one of the earliest works that reflects the artist’s desire for tonalist attitudes. The painting is the first piece in a large number of similar works that followed at the hands of Whistler. This indicates that the Crepuscule in Flesh Color and Green: Valparaiso (Figure 1) cannot be evaluated in isolation from these other related works because they share similar traits and characteristics that eventually came to define tonalism. Another major thing to take note of is the relative unknown nature of Crepuscule in Flesh Color and Green: Valparaiso as not many treatises on art especially art from the tonalist genres have given it much focus1. However if the period immediately before this painting in Whistler’s life is looked at, it will become very clear that it defines a personal rebellion. In turn this personal rebellion from an already Maverick persona resulted in new nuances being painted into the heart of the world of art. The combination of various rebellious attitudes coupled with a distant past in the military gave birth to the Crepuscule in Flesh Color and Green: Valparaiso and its sister works that were all created in Chile and represented similar militaristic scenarios processed through the lens of an artist’s eyes. The sister pieces of the Crepuscule in Flesh Color and Green: Valparaiso include The Morning after the Revolution: Valparaiso, Nocturne in Blue and Gold: Valparaiso Bay (Figure 3) and the sketch for Nocturne in Blue and Gold: Valparaiso Bay (Figure 4). Whistler possessed an uncanny genius for art from an early age2 and this in turn affected his personal choices on life and career. Being a rebel from the start, Whistler was quick to abandon his career with the military at West Point but this in turn left some unfinished desires with Whistler3. As the rebellion in the Spanish colony of Chile took on the shape of a war, Whistler was attracted to revisit the military based part of his persona. Speculation remains to why Whistler went to Chile – some claim he was looking to satisfy his militarism based impulses from West Point4, others think that Whistler considered the rebellion of the Chileans as heroic5 while recent research suggests that he was selling arms to the Chileans. In any case, Whistler was an artist before he went to Chile and artists generally detest war because of its barbaric conduct. However Whistler still chose to go to Chile. Before this point in time Whistler had been rebelling from an ordinary life in order to achieve his life of artistic desire6. Yet his voyage to Chile reveals that now Whistler was rebelling from his art istic life in order to come to terms with a life where you have to work to make some money. This in turn indicates that Whistler was more or less at war with himself at this point in time and his accounts from the ship he travelled on show a Whistler who is disinterested in life and what happens around him. His personal infighting must have kept him well occupied on his journey from Spain to Chile. His first painting in this series of paintings, Crepuscule in Fle

The Nurse Leader Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Nurse Leader - Assignment Example She is a great leader who is admired and loved by everybody because she inspires and transforms people. Donato-Moore is a Clinical Nurse Manager, who has been practicing nursing for 8 years at the American Nephrology Nurses. In her position she holds a lot of responsibilities in clinical leadership for patients’ healthcare such as design and evaluation of patients. She is also responsible for identification and collection of care outcomes and participates in health risk identification and oversees the diagnosis of patients. She also oversees the evidence-based practices and team leadership, in collaboration with other health teams in the hospital (Raya, 2006). Moreover, she manages information through implementation of sound information systems to improve health care services. She also advocates for patients, communities and health professionals’ welfare. Donato carries out her responsibilities with great competence and professionalism. She is very knowledgeable and efficient in her roles and responsibilities. She gained her experience through years of practice and inter action with patients, in addition to pursing further certification on specialized nursing care, in areas such as pediatric health care, oncology and general health certifications (Negarandeh & Rahnavard, 2011). She is affiliated to major nursing bodies where she occupies influential positions. These include, America Association of Critical-Care Nurses, American Academy of Nursing Practitioners, Gerontological Advanced Practice Nurses Association and Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. As a leader, she is very charismatic and inspirational. She uses the democratic leadership style to influence her staff and motivate them. The style calls for collective decision making where the Leader solicits for subordinates feedback before making decision. Donato always consult her in charges before making decisions especially in areas that

Micronucleus Assay Procedure | Literature Review

Micronucleus Assay Procedure | Literature Review Micronucleus (â€Å"MN) is defined as microscopically visible, round or oval cytoplasmic chromatin mass next to the nucleus. Micronuclei (â€Å"MNi†) originate from aberrant mitoses and consist of eccentric chromosomes, chromatid fragments or whole chromosomes that have failed to be incorporated into the daughter nuclei during mitosis. The MN assay has been widely accepted as an in vitro genotoxicity test and a biomarker assay for genotoxic exposure and effect in humans. In the earlier times, the MN assay used to be carried out on lymphocytes, since 1990s this technique has evolved magnificently to be carried out on buccal cells. As collection of buccal cells require a simple non-invasive cytological smear, MN assay has played a vital role in reviving the application of cytology in the field of diagnostics and research. An attempt has been made to review all the studies carried till date, utilizing micronucleus assay of buccal cells as a novel marker of genotoxicity in head a nd neck region. The literal meaning of the word Micronucleus (MN) describes it as a small nucleus in a large cell, or the smaller nuclei in cells that have two or more such structures. Schmid (1975) defined MN as a microscopically visible, round or oval cytoplasmic chromatin mass next to the nucleus (Fig. 1). MN is the name given to the small extra-nucleus that forms whenever a chromosome or a fragment of a chromosome is not incorporated into one of the daughter nuclei during cell division.1 4 The two basic phenomena responsible for the formation of MNi in mitotic cells are dysfunction of the mitotic apparatus and chromosome breakage (Fig. 2). Micronuclei (MNi) are formed from the whole chromosomes or chromatid fragments that lag behind in anaphase and are separated out from the daughter nuclei in telophase. Additionally, some MNi gets originated from fragments derived from broken anaphase bridges formed due to chromosome rearrangements such as dicentric chromatids, intermingled ring chromosomes or union of sister chromatids.5 – 9 In the course of telophase these chromosomal regions are included in the daughter cells where they can fuse with the main nucleus or can form one or more smaller secondary nuclei.8 This smaller secondary nucleus is known as MN and its number can vary from one to many. Now the MN formed can either go with the daughter nucleus they derive from or the other daughter nucleus. In the former scenario, neither of the daughter cells is aneuploid, and in the latter case the micronucleated cell has gained a chromosome, while its daughter cell has lost it.5 Micronucleus Assay The Micronucleus assay is defined as an investigative procedure carried out to analyze micronuclei quantitatively. It is one of the standard cytogenetic tools implemented to assess micronuclei formation (signifying chromosomal damage) subsequent to exposure to genotoxic/cytotoxic agents.11 In humans, MN assay can be easily employed in lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and exfoliated epithelial cells (e.g. oral, urothelial, nasal) to obtain a measure of genome damage induced in vivo.12 In the earlier times, once-divided cultured cells (mostly peripheral lymphocytes) were considered ideal for expressing MNi and the procedure used was known as cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. In the CBMN assay, once-divided cells are identified by their BN appearance after blocking cytokinesis with cytochalasin-B (Cyt-B).13 In the last three decades, ever since the advent of MN assay on exfoliated cells, the buccal cells have completely replaced the usage of lymphocytes for the obvious reason of non-invasive collection of cells and simpler method for analyzing the MNi. The general genotoxicity results by both the methods of MN analysis are comparable.12 The basal cells in the oral epithelium are the cells which possess the capability of mitosis, the new cells formed gets differentiated and mature as they migrate to the surface finally replacing the cells which are shed. Thus any genetic damage (expressed as MNi formation) instigated in these basal cells is reflected in the exfoliated cells; thus analysis of MNi in these cells can be correlated with the amount of genetic damage. As the oral epithelium acts as the first barrier for the inhalation or ingestion route and approximately 90% of cancers originate from epithelial cells, therefore, these cells represent a favored target site for early genotoxic events induced by carcinogenic agents entering the body via inhalation and ingestion.12 The procedure for MN assay has been summarized in Table 1-3. Through this review, we intend to highlight the application of MN assay on buccal cells by reviewing significant studies from the English literature. We also aim to emphasize the pitfalls associated and the measures to overcome the same. Review of Literature In the early studies from the 1980s, exfoliated buccal mucosa cells were used to evaluate the genotoxic effects of betel nuts and quids and of chewing tobacco. Most studies showed higher MN frequencies at the site within the oral cavity where the quid or tobacco mixture was kept compared to the opposite, control site. The MN assay in buccal cells was also used to study cancerous and precancerous lesions and to monitor the effects of a number of chemopreventive agents. It is notable that the first studies of Stich and Rosin conducted between 1983 and 1984 had higher baseline MN frequencies than subsequent studies. This may have been due to a lack of defined scoring criteria and a relatively small number of scored cells (in some cases less than 500). Since then, published biomonitoring studies using the MN assay in buccal mucosa cells have investigated the effects of multiple factors including environmental and occupational exposures, radiotherapy, chemoprevention, vitamin supplementat ion trials, lifestyle habits, cancer, and other diseases.12 Micronuclei as a novel biomarker Occupational and environmental exposures In the last 15–20 years the MN assay has been applied to evaluate chromosomal damage for biological monitoring of human populations exposed to a variety of mutagenic and carcinogenic chemical or physical agents. Significantly higher frequencies of MN have also been observed in exfoliated buccal cells from people exposed to organic solvents, antineoplastic agents, diesel derivatives, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, lead-containing paints and solvents, and drinking water contaminated with arsenic.12, 18-20 MN and radiation Ionizing radiation plays an important role in the treatment of many neoplasias, but it also produces genetic damage. As a consequence, secondary tumors may develop years after the primary tumor treatment. Several studies evaluated MNi in buccal cells of patients undergoing radiotherapy in the head and neck region. The most striking increase in cytogenetic damage (150– 300 MN/1000 cells) was observed in an early study of three patients exposed to a cumulative dose of 3400–4000 cGy.12 MN frequencies in buccal cells of patients with some specific diseases A site-specificity was observed for Xeroderma pigmentosum patients, with a higher MN frequency in cells from the dorsal tip of tongue, possibly due to greater light exposure. Down syndrome was associated with a 733% increase in MNi in comparison to younger healthy controls, and the MN frequency was 78.5% higher than in older controls. An increase in MN frequency in buccal cells was reported for Diabetes mellitus with the patients having double the level of genetic damage in comparison to matched controls and for treated pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis in comparison with controls or children with Crohn’s disease.12 Findings of the study carried out at Genetics Research Unit, National Council Research Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italy supported the hypothesis that CBMN assay may provide an useful tool for screening of the obesity and metabolic syndrome and its progression to diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adults as well in children.21 Results of the stud y carried out in Mexico demonstrated a strong association between HPV type infection and MN frequency.22 Lifestyle and Host Factors Lifestyle factors that are associated with genetic damage include smoking, alcohol consumption, and diet, especially vitamin deficiencies and supplementation. The majority of the studies reporting a significant increase in MN in buccal mucosa cells related to a risk of oral cancer were performed in subgroups of subjects with specific lifestyle habits, i.e. chewers of betel quids (areca nut, betel leaves, slaked lime and tobacco) from India, Taiwan and Philippines; reverse smokers (who hold the lit end of the cigarette inside their mouths) from India and Philippines; snuff dippers from Canada; users of Khaini tobacco (tobacco mixed with slaked lime) from India, and other similar practices.12 The HUMN project is an effective vehicle for the development and implementation of an international collaborative validation effort to bring together the various buccal MN databases, and to identify and quantify the key variables affecting this biomarker.12 EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY AND MICRONUCLEI RELATED STUDIES Studies in relation to Oral Cancer Potentially Malignant Lesions: Biomonitoring of the changes in patients with diagnosed diseases or pathological changes that may lead to the development of cancer and other illnesses is becoming increasingly popular, and may be the most rapidly growing area of application of the MN assay to epithelial cells.12 A study carried out in France, in the year 1987, found out a baseline of 1.30 Micronucleated cells/1000 Cells in patients with carcinoma of upper digestive tract, using Feulgen Stain.12 A revised protocol for the exfoliated cell micronucleus assay was field-tested in a population exposed to a genotoxic agent, snuff, at levels associated with a significant increase in cancer risk in North Carolina. The assay was revised to increase specificity and to include separate scoring of other nuclear anomalies associated with cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The prevalence of micronucleation was elevated in the snuff users as compared with the nonusers (prevalence ratio = 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.1–5.2) and, to a lesser extent, at the usual contact site as compared with a distal buccal site in the snuff users (prevalence ratio = 1.5, 95% confidence interval 0.9–2.5).23 In a study carried out in India, frequencies of micronucleated cells (MNCs) were analyzed in the exfoliated buccal mucosa of normal healthy individuals from different parts of India who were regularly using either areca nut alone, mava, tamol, tobacco with lime, dry snuff or masheri. The analyses were also carried out among oral submucous fibrosis patients who had the habit of chewing either mava or areca nut. Compared with no habit healthy individuals, all the groups, irrespective of their type of habit, had significantly higher frequencies of MNCs.24 A study carried out in Texas, using Feulgen stain, found out an increase in Micronuclei frequency at the site of lesion in Leukoplakia, which got decreased after the administration of ÃŽ ± – tocopherol. 25 A study done in India in year 1996, found out an increased micronuclei count in oral exfoliated cells of patients suffering from Leukoplakia, Lichen Planus and Oral Submucous Fibrosis, using Giemsa stain. A baseline of 1.9 Micronucleated cells/1000 cells was found in each of the lesions as compared to normal subjects.12 A study done in Germany in year 2000, found out a baseline of 9.0 Micronucleated cell/1000 cells each in patients suffering from Squamous Cell Carcinoma of upper digestive tract and Leukoplakia, using Giemsa stain.12 A study done in Brazil in the year 2002 found out a baseline of 1.13 Micronucleated cell/1000 cells in patients diagnosed with oral cancer, using Feulgen stain.12 In another study carried out in West Bengal, India, 50 patients with precancerous o r malignant oral epithelial lesions were compared with 50 age and sex matched healthy controls without any oral lesions, using Giemsa stain. The MN frequency was increased in preoperative cancer cases and decreased in postoperative cases, while in pre-cancerous cases it was higher than in the controls.26 A group of researchers from Italy, studied Micronuclei and p53 accumulations in preneoplastic and malignant lesions of head and neck and concluded that both these biomarkers were found in precancerous lesions, suggesting that they are early event in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression. The two biomarkers were not related to each other, indeed micronuclei frequency was found out to be higher in p53 -negative than in p53 – positive cells.27 Another study done in India, in year 2007, found out a baseline of 1.6 Micronucleated cell/1000 cells each in patients diagnosed with Oral Cancer and pre malignant lesions of the oral cavity, using Giemsa stain.1 In an infield study carried out on smokers in Egypt, Papanicolaou (PAP) stain was compared with May Grunwald Giemsa (MGG) for staining of micronuclei in exfoliated buccal cells. Researchers found out that PAP stain was faster and easier to process and transport in the field study than was MGG stain. Regarding MGG smears, bacteria and cell debris masked the MN as compared to PAP smears, in which the fixative destroyed the bacteria and made the cell boundaries clearly demarcated. Using PAP stain, MN were seen easily in transparent cytoplasm. Finally they concluded that PAP stain is the preferred method infield studies for scoring and detecting MN in cells of buccal mucosa.28 A study carried out in JIPMER, Pondicherry, India screened 25 patients in varying stages of squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity and 25 patients with premalignant lesions for the presence of Micronuclei in the epithelial scrapings obtained from the site of the lesion. Highest Micronucleus Index was found in carcinoma and erythroplakia among the premalignant lesions, using the MayGrunwald Giemsa and Giemsa stain.3 In a study carried out in Thailand on patients with Oral Lichen Planus(OLP), it was found out that the frequency of Micronucleated Epithelial Cells(MEC) in OLP patients was 3.79% and 0.37% in the lesions and normal-appearing mucosa, respectively. Using a paired t-test, it was found that the MEC frequency in the OLP lesions was significantly elevated (p 29 In another study carried out in India, Micronucleus frequencies in oral exfoliated cells stained with Papanicolaou stain were counted and correlated with the histopathological grades and clinical stages of squamous cell c arcinoma patients. They were also compared with the healthy control subjects. Micronuclei (MN) frequencies were found higher in squamous cell carcinoma patients than in control subjects. MN frequencies were also found to be raised with increasing histological grades of squamous cell carcinoma.30 Grover et al observed a significantly raised micronuclei count in potentially malignant disorders like Leukoplakia, Lichen planus and OSMF, when compared to normal healthy mucosa.31 In another study, Grover et al applied Hematoxylin Eosin stain, the most commonly used stain for histopathological examination, for staining the cytosmears and found statistically significant results.32 Studies not in relation to Potentially Malignant Lesions: The micronucleus test was applied to exfoliated cells of the buccal mucosa of four population groups: (A) non-smokers and non-drinkers of alcoholic beverages, (B) non-smokers but alcohol drinkers, (C) smokers but non-drinkers, and (D) smokers and drinkers. An elevated frequency of micronucleated buccal mucosa cells was observed only in group D (smokers and alcohol drinkers). Neither smoking alone of up to and over 60 cigarettes per day nor ethanol drinking alone of up to 1.21 per day led to a detectable elevation of micronucleated buccal mucosa cells.33A study carried out in Amsterdam, Netherlands in an attempt to define a standardized protocol for counting micronuclei to assess the genotoxic damage in human exfoliated cells, concluded that atleast 10,000 exfoliated cells should be screened to monitor a significant reduction of 50% in the number of micronuclei (for a patient with an initial frequency in the micronuclei frequency range given). Since it takes ~7 h to evaluate this numb er of cells, it was also concluded that counting of micronuclei requires automation.2 A structured literature review done on smoking and smokeless tobacco associated changes concluded that the assay used most frequently for tobacco-associated buccal cell changes was the micronucleus assay. The biological significance of the micronuclei in buccal cells of the oral mucosa is that the micronuclei are a manifestation of a readily identifiable clastogenic event that, has been associated with smoke and smokeless tobacco.34 A study carried out on Gas Station Attendants in Brazil, found out an increased Micronuclei frequency in exfoliated buccal cells of the exposed as compared to the controls, using Feulgen stain.35 A group of researchers from West Bengal, India, in an attempt to study the genotoxic effects of combustion fumes on targeted sites carried out Micronucleus assay using Feulgen stain in buccal epithelial cells of 47 firefighters and they found a 3 fold increase in Micronuclei fr equency as compared to the controls.36 To study the effects of occupational exposure to petroleum derivatives such as benzene, exfoliated buccal cells from 50 petrol station attendants and 50 age- and sex-matched control subjects were examined for micronucleus (MN) frequency by a group of researchers in Turkey. Frequencies of nuclear abnormalities (NA) other than micronuclei, such as binucleates, karyorrhexis and karyolysis, were also evaluated, using Feulgen stain. Analysis of buccal cells revealed that MN and NA frequencies in petrol station workers were significantly higher than in control subjects (P P 37 Another study in Brazil was carried out to comparatively evaluate the DNA damage (micronucleus) and cellular death (pyknosis, karyolysis and karyorrhexis) of exfoliated buccal mucosa cells from children and adults following dental X-ray exposure. The results indicated no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in childrens as well as in adult’s micronucleated oral mucosa cells before and after dental X-ray exposure.38 In a study conducted in Europe, a total of 239 agricultural workers and 231 unexposed controls were examined for cytogenetic effects in lymphocytes of peripheral blood and exfoliated cells of the oral mucosa. The frequency of micronuclei (MN) was evaluated in both cell types and their relationship to different confounding factors (e.g. sex, country, smoking habit, etc.) was determined, using Giemsa stain. The results obtained indicated that there are no increases in MN frequencies in the agricultural workers when compared with the controls for either lym phocytes or buccal cells.39 Conclusion MN formation is generally considered as a manifestation of genetic damage or chromosomal breakage. Many investigators already and unequivocally have called MN as an upcoming marker of tumorogenesis. MN is thus a potential biomarker to screen genotoxicity, biomonitoring of various diseases, detection of malignancies and preneoplastic conditions and also a lot of other diseases. Since MN is a manifestation of day to day exposure to environmental pollutants, infections, nutrition, radiation, foods, and the genetic make-up or ethnicity which again varies around the globe. So there must be an upper limit of the base-line MN frequency only beyond which we can label it as increased MN frequency.

Macbeth is Solely to Blame for his Demise :: William Shakespeare

The play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, is a tragedy of the rise and fall of a power-hungry solider named Macbeth. Macbeth's gluttony, pride, and ambitions led him to turn into an unstable, callous man who would stop at nothing just to gain power. His greed to achieve more power resulted in the merciless killings of his king, best friend, and other innocent citizens. Eventually, the guilt of the deeds he was committing manifested itself in the form of hallucinations which contributed to the downfall of his supremacy. With him being weak enough to succumb to his wife's thirst of power, and being the one to physically kill Duncan, which makes him solely responsible for the chain of disarray that unfolded throughout the play. At first, Macbeth is introduced as a courageous, valiant soldier, who does so well fighting in war that he is honored with the title of the Thane of Glamis by King Duncan. On his way home, Macbeth encounters three witches who tell him that he will become king. It is at this point that he first considers murdering Duncan so that the prophecy can be fulfilled ?My thoughts, whose murder yet is but fantastical? (I,2,151). This thought was the beginning of a chain of events that would soon lead to his demise. Although he does reconsider murder and decides to leave his future to chance, until, of course, his wife convinces him otherwise. When Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth about how will become king he just adds to her overly ambitious attitude so much to the point that she convinces him to go murder. If he had not told her and just put himself in the hands of fate, it?s possible that Macbeth still would have become king without causing the death of the people who cared for him. It is arguable that Lady Macbeth could be the one to blame for the outcome of the play because she persuades Macbeth to murder Duncan, but it was not her who gave Macbeth the daggers, she didn?t lay a hand on Duncan. Moreover, it was Macbeth who killed the guards that he and Lady Macbeth planned to accuse of the murder. The fact of the matter is Macbeth had the free will to choose to avoid everything he got himself into. After the killing of Duncan, Macbeth is becomes king, but his mind wrought with guilt which causes uneasiness and hallucinations.

Mini Marketing Plan Essay

Introduction Marketing Plans work when they are based on unique, meaningful marketing strategies that focus on the current needs and desires of a target customer. Ten Steps to Marketing Success 1. Finding your niche —-Market Segmentation/Unserved or Underserved customers —-Size, Usage, Benefits, Lifestyles, Occupation, Distribution Channels, Geography, Income, Social Class, Personality, Age, Family size, etc. (Examples-Demographics, Market Surveys, etc.). 2. Becoming better than your competition —-Customers have choices. In order to become better than your competition, you must know the competition. You can respond to a competitive advantage by creating another equally important advantage for your company. —-Visit competition, telephone competition, use telemarketing, get feedback from your salespersons. —Review RMA, D&B Financial info and other relevant information sources. 3. Develop a strategy —-Focus on creating a marketing strategy and tactics. —-Set marketing objectives and goals. —-Create a strategy to meet these goals. (write a rough marketing plan) 4. Find enough customers —-Advertising, Direct Mail, Mailing lists, trade shows, networking, dealer networks, personal sales calls, etc. 5. Find the right location —-Highly visible location, with sufficient traffic count, if relevant. For retail, who are the other tenants in the center or mall? How close is your closest competitor? What are the demographics of this location? 6. Motivating customers to take action —-Implementation of marketing strategies—utilize marketing mix determined in planning stage of marketing plan. Set targets and goals for sales reps if relevant. 7. Communication Measurement —-Measure effectiveness of marketing mix. Set up tracking mechanism for all sources of revenues. Review regularly and make necessary changes. Change product mix and/or pricing as required. 8. Making the sale —-Nothing matters unless sales are made. Set targets and goals for sales reps, review sales figures each week and review source of sales. Adjust as necessary—quickly! Update products and merchandise regularly. Don’t fall in love with any product—let your customers dictate. —-Compare actual sales vs. projections regularly. 9. Managing the sales force —-Refine sales rep hiring practices. —-Develop solid sales force training, conduct regular sales meetings, and review sales performances monthly. After first year of experience, let sales reps participate in goal setting and sales targets. 10. Marketing Plan —-Use all the above elements to assist in writing a creative, detailed marketing plan. ** Marketers need to re-evaluate their strategy every year to respond to changes in customers and markets.